<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Opin Augu]]></title><description><![CDATA[Nokkur orð um fjölmenningu]]></description><link>https://www.opinaugu.is</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vigF!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16a73982-62db-49bf-98d4-994892480ff0_1280x1280.png</url><title>Opin Augu</title><link>https://www.opinaugu.is</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Mon, 17 Aug 2026 08:35:13 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.opinaugu.is/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Opin Augu]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[opinaugu@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[opinaugu@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Opin Augu]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Opin Augu]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[opinaugu@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[opinaugu@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Opin Augu]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Drög að vestrænu sjálfsmorði]]></title><description><![CDATA[Suicidal Empathy, sj&#225;lfsmor&#240;ssamkennd Gad Saad]]></description><link>https://www.opinaugu.is/p/sjalfsmordssamkennd</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.opinaugu.is/p/sjalfsmordssamkennd</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Opin Augu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 07:21:26 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g_x-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82e28b2e-ea31-48ae-afa1-06e0a8c9fa5a_1536x748.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><strong><span>Suicidal Empathy</span></strong></em><span> (&#237;sl. </span><em><span>Sj&#225;lfsmor&#240;ssamkennd</span></em><span>) eftir marka&#240;sfr&#230;&#240;inginn Gad Saad er mets&#246;lub&#243;k &#254;ar sem f&#230;r&#240; eru r&#246;k fyrir &#254;v&#237; a&#240; vestr&#230;n menning s&#233; a&#240; grafa undan s&#233;r fyrir tilstilli eigin samkenndar. Sk&#253;ring Saads er &#237; senn gr&#237;pandi og sannf&#230;randi, enda tekst honum vel a&#240; draga fj&#246;lbreyttan vanda Vesturlanda, allt fr&#225; linkind gagnvart erlendum afbrotam&#246;nnum til opinna landam&#230;ra, saman &#237; heildst&#230;&#240;a sk&#253;ringu: a&#240; vinstrisinna&#240;ir fr&#230;&#240;imenn og akt&#237;vistar hafi tekist a&#240; sn&#250;a g&#246;fugasta einkenni mannkyns, samkennd, gegn sj&#225;lfu s&#233;r.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YnU9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fe9b334-9b94-4e6f-8bbf-e356e6d7e11d_1800x943.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YnU9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fe9b334-9b94-4e6f-8bbf-e356e6d7e11d_1800x943.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YnU9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fe9b334-9b94-4e6f-8bbf-e356e6d7e11d_1800x943.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YnU9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fe9b334-9b94-4e6f-8bbf-e356e6d7e11d_1800x943.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YnU9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fe9b334-9b94-4e6f-8bbf-e356e6d7e11d_1800x943.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YnU9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fe9b334-9b94-4e6f-8bbf-e356e6d7e11d_1800x943.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YnU9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fe9b334-9b94-4e6f-8bbf-e356e6d7e11d_1800x943.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YnU9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fe9b334-9b94-4e6f-8bbf-e356e6d7e11d_1800x943.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YnU9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fe9b334-9b94-4e6f-8bbf-e356e6d7e11d_1800x943.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Hugmyndin um a&#240; samkennd geti or&#240;i&#240; &#254;eim ska&#240;s&#246;m sem veitir hana er ekki n&#253; af n&#225;linni. Fr&#230;&#240;imenn hafa um &#225;ratugaskei&#240; rannsaka&#240; skyld fyrirb&#230;ri eins og ska&#240;lega f&#243;rnf&#253;si (e. </span><em><span>pathological altruism</span></em><span>), sem er td. megin s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ilegi &#254;&#225;tturinn &#237; sj&#250;klegri me&#240;virkni. Vi&#240;fangsefni&#240; er &#254;.a.l. langt fr&#225; &#254;v&#237; a&#240; vera bundi&#240; vi&#240; fr&#230;&#240;ilega umr&#230;&#240;u, enda &#254;ekkir almenningur sl&#237;k mynstur vel af eigin raun &#8212; ekki s&#237;st f&#243;lk sem hefur upplifa&#240; f&#237;knivanda innan fj&#246;lskyldu. H&#233;r er &#254;v&#237; um raunveruleg og mikilv&#230;g s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ileg fyrirb&#230;ri a&#240; r&#230;&#240;a sem full &#225;st&#230;&#240;a er til a&#240; rannsaka n&#225;nar.</span></p><p><span>L&#237;kt og margir v&#237;sindamenn &#225; bak vi&#240; fr&#230;&#240;i um ska&#240;lega f&#243;rnf&#253;si n&#253;tir Saad s&#233;r Darwin og &#254;r&#243;unarfr&#230;&#240;ilegar sk&#253;ringar til a&#240; greina vanda Vesturlanda, en &#254;&#243; a&#240;eins upp a&#240; vissu marki. &#222;egar &#254;&#230;r duga ekki &#8212; til d&#230;mis til a&#240; sk&#253;ra hvers vegna Vesturl&#246;nd vir&#240;ast s&#233;rstaklega &#250;tsett fyrir &#8220;</span><em><span>sj&#225;lfsmor&#240;ssamkennd</span></em>&#8221;<span> &#237; samanbur&#240;i vi&#240; a&#240;ra h&#243;pa &#8212; gr&#237;pur Saad &#237; menningarr&#253;ni, &#254;r&#225;tt fyrir a&#240; gagnr&#253;na einmitt sl&#237;ka n&#225;lgun annars sta&#240;ar &#237; b&#243;kinni. Fyrir viki&#240; ver&#240;ur kenning Saads n&#230;rt&#230;k og slitr&#243;tt l&#253;sing &#225; vanda Vesturlanda fremur en skorinort sk&#253;ring &#225; r&#243;tum vandans.</span></p><h2><span>Hva&#240; er ska&#240;leg f&#243;rnf&#253;si?</span></h2><p><span>Ska&#240;leg f&#243;rnf&#253;si (e. pathological altruism) l&#253;sir &#254;v&#237; &#254;egar einl&#230;g vi&#240;leitni til a&#240; hj&#225;lpa &#246;&#240;rum fer &#250;r b&#246;ndunum og veldur ska&#240;a fyrir &#254;ann sem hj&#225;lpar, &#254;ann sem &#254;iggur hj&#225;lpina e&#240;a samf&#233;lagi&#240; &#237; heild. Ska&#240;leg f&#243;rnf&#253;si hefur lengi veri&#240; ranns&#243;knarefni &#237; kl&#237;n&#237;skri s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;i, en safnriti&#240; Pathological Altruism fr&#225; 2012 dr&#243; sl&#237;kar ranns&#243;knir saman &#237; heildst&#230;&#240;ann fr&#230;&#240;ilegan ramma &#254;ar sem s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ingar, taugal&#230;knar og &#254;r&#243;unarl&#237;ffr&#230;&#240;ingar n&#225;lgu&#240;ust fyrirb&#230;ri&#240; fr&#225; mismunandi sj&#243;narhornum.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a><span> Sj&#225;lfur er Gad Saad pr&#243;fessor &#237; marka&#240;sfr&#230;&#240;um og hefur ekki lagt fr&#230;&#240;ilegt framlag til sl&#237;kra ranns&#243;kna en hann gerir s&#233;r engu a&#240; s&#237;&#240;ur mat &#250;r &#254;essum fr&#230;&#240;um til a&#240; sm&#237;&#240;a gr&#237;pandi hugt&#246;k &#225; bor&#240; vi&#240; &#8220;</span><em><span>sj&#225;lfsmor&#240;ssamkennd</span></em>&#8221;<span> til a&#240; beita &#254;eim &#225; p&#243;lit&#237;sk og samf&#233;lagsleg vi&#240;fangsefni.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zt62!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40dba1fb-aeeb-4a83-9314-2f2de827c86c_1433x1000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zt62!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40dba1fb-aeeb-4a83-9314-2f2de827c86c_1433x1000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zt62!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40dba1fb-aeeb-4a83-9314-2f2de827c86c_1433x1000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zt62!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40dba1fb-aeeb-4a83-9314-2f2de827c86c_1433x1000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zt62!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40dba1fb-aeeb-4a83-9314-2f2de827c86c_1433x1000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zt62!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40dba1fb-aeeb-4a83-9314-2f2de827c86c_1433x1000.jpeg" width="1433" height="1000" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/40dba1fb-aeeb-4a83-9314-2f2de827c86c_1433x1000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1000,&quot;width&quot;:1433,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:674114,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://opinaugu.substack.com/i/210551958?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40dba1fb-aeeb-4a83-9314-2f2de827c86c_1433x1000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zt62!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40dba1fb-aeeb-4a83-9314-2f2de827c86c_1433x1000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zt62!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40dba1fb-aeeb-4a83-9314-2f2de827c86c_1433x1000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zt62!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40dba1fb-aeeb-4a83-9314-2f2de827c86c_1433x1000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zt62!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40dba1fb-aeeb-4a83-9314-2f2de827c86c_1433x1000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2><span>Greining Saads</span></h2><p><span>&#205; </span><em><span>Suicidal Empathy</span></em><span> l&#253;sir Gad Saad &#8220;</span><em><span>sj&#225;lfsmor&#240;ssamkennd</span></em>&#8221;<span> sem eins konar veiki af woke hugmyndas&#253;kil sem f&#230;r frj&#225;lslynt f&#243;lk &#237; vestr&#230;num samf&#233;l&#246;gum til a&#240; beita samkennd sinni &#225; ska&#240;legan og sj&#225;lfsey&#240;andi h&#225;tt.</span></p><p><span>Samkennd er, a&#240; mati Saads, b&#230;&#240;i g&#246;fugur og sameiginlegur eiginleiki mannkyns &#8212; eiginleiki sem m&#243;tast hefur af n&#225;tt&#250;rulegri &#254;r&#243;un og sem gerir l&#237;fverum kleift a&#240; annast afkv&#230;mi s&#237;n. En a&#240; skapi Saads &#254;&#225; getur samkennd einnig breyst &#237; &#225;galla &#254;egar h&#250;n fer yfir &#225;kve&#240;in m&#246;rk og &#254;egar ma&#240;urinn leyfir tilfinningum a&#240; hrifsa v&#246;ld af skynsemi. &#222;&#225; beinist sam&#250;&#240;in a&#240; r&#246;ngum a&#240;ila, jafnvel &#254;eim sem kunna a&#240; &#243;gna &#254;&#233;r og &#254;&#237;num, og &#254;egar sl&#237;kt gerist &#237; miklum m&#230;li ver&#240;ur ni&#240;ursta&#240;an &#254;a&#240; sem Saad kallar &#8220;</span><em><span>si&#240;menningarlegt sj&#225;lfsmor&#240;</span></em>&#8221;<span>.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a></p><p><span>Saad tengir &#254;essa ska&#240;s&#246;mu &#250;tg&#225;fu af samkennd vi&#240; t&#237;skulegar hugmyndir um manninn sem &#243;skrifa&#240; bla&#240; (e. blank slatism) og gagnr&#253;nir har&#240;lega &#254;a&#240; sem hann kallar l&#237;ffr&#230;&#240;if&#230;lni (e. biophobia) innan fr&#230;&#240;asamf&#233;lagsins. A&#240; mati Saads lei&#240;ir sl&#237;k hugsun til &#254;ess a&#240; &#254;a&#240; rj&#225;tlast undan &#225;byrg&#240; einstaklinga sem gerir &#254;a&#240; a&#240; verkum a&#240; allt fr&#225; metor&#240;um &#237; &#237;&#254;r&#243;ttum til &#243;d&#230;&#240;is ofbeldismanna eru sk&#253;r&#240; eing&#246;ngu sem afur&#240; umhverfis.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a></p><p><span>Saad l&#237;tur svo &#225; a&#240; frams&#230;knar og t&#237;skulegar hugmyndir eins og fj&#246;lbreytileika- og jafnr&#233;ttisstefna, og einkum p&#243;stm&#243;dernismi, s&#233;u helstu vektorar v&#243;k s&#253;kilsins og hafi &#225; undanf&#246;rnum &#225;ratugum umbreytt h&#225;sk&#243;lum, fj&#246;lmi&#240;lum og opinberum stofnunum &#250;r vettvangi sannleiksleitar og skilvirkni &#237; heilsub&#230;li v&#243;ksins &#254;ar sem sj&#250;k umhyggja og si&#240;fer&#240;ilegar kreddur r&#225;&#240;a fer&#240;inni.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a></p><h2><span>Gagnr&#253;ni</span></h2><p><span>A&#240; mati h&#246;fundar er margt &#225;g&#230;tt &#237; greiningu Saads, en &#225; henni eru jafnframt veigamiklir annmarkar &#8212; svo veigamiklir a&#240; kenning hans um &#8220;</span><em><span>sj&#225;lfsmor&#240;ssamkennd</span></em>&#8221;<em><span> </span></em><span>heldur ekki fyllilega vatni:</span></p><p><span>Meginvandinn vi&#240; kenningu Saads er s&#225; a&#240; hann beitir &#254;r&#243;unarfr&#230;&#240;inni ekki af s&#246;mu festu &#237; gegnum alla greininguna. Hann byrjar &#225; &#254;v&#237; a&#240; setja samkennd &#237; sk&#253;rt darwin&#237;skt samhengi: h&#250;n s&#233; &#254;r&#243;unarlega m&#243;tu&#240;, en &#225; sama t&#237;ma </span><strong><span>algild </span></strong><span>mannleg tilhneiging sem hafi or&#240;i&#240; til vegna &#254;ess a&#240; h&#250;n hafi haft a&#240;l&#246;gunargildi.</span></p><p><span>Fyrsti, og veigamesti, annmarkinn er s&#225; a&#240; samkennd s&#233; </span><strong><span>algildur </span></strong><span>fasti me&#240;al mannkyns </span><strong><span>en</span></strong><span> margt bendir til &#254;ess a&#240; birtingarmynd og styrkleiki samkenndar s&#233; reyndar mj&#246;g breytilegur milli h&#243;pa mannkyns.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a></p><p><span>&#222;etta lei&#240;ir a&#240; &#246;&#240;rum annmarka Saads sem eru s&#250; vandr&#230;&#240;i sem Saads kemur s&#233;r &#237; &#254;egar gerir tilraun til a&#240; &#250;tsk&#253;ra af hverju &#254;a&#240; vir&#240;ist bara vera vestr&#230;n samkennd sem tekur &#225; sig sj&#225;lfsska&#240;lega mynd &#8212; en ekki samkennd allra &#254;j&#243;&#240;ernish&#243;pa. Til &#254;ess a&#240; sk&#253;ra &#254;essa sj&#225;lfsmor&#240;s-s&#233;rst&#246;&#240;u Vesturlanda leggur Saad &#254;v&#237; Darwin til hli&#240;ar og notast &#254;ess &#237; sta&#240; vi&#240; menningarlega r&#253;ni &#254;ar sem sk&#253;ringin ver&#240;ur &#253;mis hugmyndafr&#230;&#240;i eins og p&#243;stm&#243;dernismi, almenn vinstrimennska og a&#240;rir &#8216;v&#243;k hugmyndas&#253;klar&#8217;.</span></p><p><span>Sl&#237;k hugmyndafr&#230;&#240;ileg fyrirb&#230;ri kunna vissulega a&#240; skipta m&#225;li upp &#225; f&#233;lagslega ska&#240;semi, en Saad s&#253;nir &#254;&#243; ekki me&#240; sama h&#230;tti hvernig &#254;au spretta &#250;r, dreifast innan e&#240;a tengjast &#254;eim darwin&#237;ska ramma sem hann annars segist leggja til grundvallar &#237; &#8220;&#254;r&#243;unarfr&#230;&#240;ilegri</span>&#8221; greiningu sinni &#225; samkennd. M.&#246;.o. hann darwinv&#230;&#240;ir samkennd, en ekki <em>sj&#225;lfsmor&#240;ssamkennd  </em>og af hverju h&#250;n dreifist &#243;jafnt milli &#243;l&#237;kra h&#243;pa.</p><p><span>&#222;etta er s&#233;rstaklega athyglisvert vegna &#254;ess a&#240; Saad gagnr&#253;nir sj&#225;lfur a&#240;ra fyrir a&#240; v&#237;sa til menningar (e. blank slateism) &#225;n &#254;ess a&#240; sk&#253;ra hana &#237; lj&#243;si &#254;r&#243;unar og mannlegs e&#240;lis. Samt gerist hann &#237; raun sekur um sama hlut &#254;egar kemur a&#240; &#254;eim hluta kenningarinnar sem mestu m&#225;li skiptir: hvers vegna &#254;essi tiltekna heg&#240;un er svo misskipt milli h&#243;pa.</span></p><p><span>&#205; lj&#243;si &#254;ess a&#240; enginn skortur er &#225; g&#246;gnum og ranns&#243;knum sem s&#253;na verulegan mun milli Vesturlandab&#250;a og annarra h&#243;pa mannkyns &#254;egar kemur a&#240; samkennd, samvinnu og samvisku &#8212; og a&#240; margt bendi til a&#240; s&#225; munur eigi s&#233;r erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegan uppruna</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a><span> &#8212; sker &#237; augun a&#240; darwinisti og bar&#225;ttuma&#240;ur gegn p&#243;lit&#237;skum r&#233;tttr&#250;na&#240;i &#225; bor&#240; vi&#240; Gad Saad skuli vir&#240;a sl&#237;kar ranns&#243;knir a&#240; vettugi. &#222;ess &#237; sta&#240; rei&#240;ir hann sig &#225; umhverfislegar sk&#253;ringar (blank-slatism), af sama tagi sem hann gagnr&#253;nir annars sta&#240;ar, til a&#240; sk&#253;ra hvers vegna Vesturl&#246;nd heg&#240;a s&#233;r &#246;&#240;ruv&#237;si.</span></p><p><span>Sk&#253;ring Saads &#225; vestr&#230;nni &#8220;</span><em><span>sj&#225;lfsmor&#240;ssamkennd</span></em>&#8221;<span> er &#254;v&#237; ekki raunverulega darwin&#237;sk heldur fyrst og fremst hugmyndafr&#230;&#240;ileg &#8212; jafn hugmyndafr&#230;&#240;ileg og sj&#225;lfur v&#243;kisminn sem hann gagnr&#253;nir. Hann skautar l&#237;ka fram hj&#225; &#254;eirri fr&#230;&#240;ilegu umr&#230;&#240;u sem bendir til &#254;ess a&#240; vestr&#230;n s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;i s&#233; s&#246;gulega mj&#246;g s&#233;rst&#230;&#240; &#237; samanbur&#240;i vi&#240; a&#240;ra h&#243;pa mannkyns &#8212; og fer &#254;ar me&#240; &#225; mis vi&#240; a&#240; skilja hva&#240; raunverulega gerist &#237; vestr&#230;num samf&#233;l&#246;gum &#254;egar &#243;vestr&#230;nir &#250;tlendingar me&#240; gj&#246;r&#243;l&#237;k gildi komast &#237; snertingu vi&#240; s&#233;r-vestr&#230;n gildi um traust, samvinnu, og f&#233;lagslega samvisku.</span></p><h2><span>Fur&#240;ulegasta f&#243;lk &#237; heimi</span></h2><p><span>Fj&#246;ldi fr&#230;&#240;imanna hefur um &#225;ratugaskei&#240; s&#253;nt fram &#225; a&#240; Vesturlandab&#250;ar s&#233;u s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ilega og f&#233;lagslega &#243;venjulegur h&#243;pur &#237; samanbur&#240;i vi&#240; st&#243;ran hluta mannkyns. Joseph Henrich og samstarfsmenn hans dr&#243;gu &#254;essa s&#233;rst&#246;&#240;u saman undir skammst&#246;funinni W.E.I.R.D (</span><em><span>western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic</span></em><span>) og s&#253;ndu fram &#225; hvernig Vesturlandab&#250;ar eru hallir undir &#253;kta einstaklingshyggju, traust til &#243;kunnugra, samvinnuf&#253;si, fylgispekt vi&#240; almennar reglur og tilhneigingu til a&#240; l&#225;ta algilt si&#240;fer&#240;issj&#243;narmi&#240; ganga framar hagsmunum eigin h&#243;ps.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-9" href="#footnote-9" target="_self">9</a></p><div class="embedded-post-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;id&quot;:207683412,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://opinaugu.substack.com/p/furulegasta-folk-i-heimi&quot;,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2063394,&quot;embedding_publication_id&quot;:2063394,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;Opin Augu&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vigF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16a73982-62db-49bf-98d4-994892480ff0_1280x1280.png&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Fur&#240;ulegasta f&#243;lk &#237; heimi&quot;,&quot;truncated_body_text&quot;:&quot;&#193;ri&#240; 2020 kom &#250;t &#225;hugaver&#240; b&#243;k sem bar titilinn The WEIRDest People in the World, eftir mannfr&#230;&#240;ingin og Harvard pr&#243;fessorinn Joseph Henrich, sem setti fram &#246;grandi kenningu um a&#240; Vesturlandab&#250;ar v&#230;ru s&#233;rkennilegustu menn &#237; s&#246;gu mannkyns.&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-07-20T16:44:27.412Z&quot;,&quot;like_count&quot;:0,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;bylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:178024977,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Opin Augu&quot;,&quot;handle&quot;:&quot;opinaugu&quot;,&quot;previous_name&quot;:&quot;Askur&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e99bcb1e-1bcc-4a3b-bd94-95b4339d361c_1392x1392.png&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;nokkur or&#240; um fj&#246;lmenningu&quot;,&quot;profile_set_up_at&quot;:&quot;2023-10-27T17:49:30.317Z&quot;,&quot;reader_installed_at&quot;:&quot;2024-06-07T07:04:14.709Z&quot;,&quot;publicationUsers&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:2065508,&quot;user_id&quot;:178024977,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2063394,&quot;role&quot;:&quot;admin&quot;,&quot;public&quot;:true,&quot;is_primary&quot;:true,&quot;publication&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:2063394,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Opin Augu&quot;,&quot;subdomain&quot;:&quot;opinaugu&quot;,&quot;custom_domain&quot;:null,&quot;custom_domain_optional&quot;:false,&quot;hero_text&quot;:&quot;Nokkur or&#240; 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heimi</div></div><div class="embedded-post-body">&#193;ri&#240; 2020 kom &#250;t &#225;hugaver&#240; b&#243;k sem bar titilinn The WEIRDest People in the World, eftir mannfr&#230;&#240;ingin og Harvard pr&#243;fessorinn Joseph Henrich, sem setti fram &#246;grandi kenningu um a&#240; Vesturlandab&#250;ar v&#230;ru s&#233;rkennilegustu menn &#237; s&#246;gu mannkyns&#8230;</div><div class="embedded-post-cta-wrapper"><span class="embedded-post-cta">Read more</span></div><div class="embedded-post-meta">a month ago &#183; Opin Augu and Gottsk&#225;lk</div></a></div><p><span>Ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;ur Henrich og annara skipta auglj&#243;slega m&#225;li til a&#240; sk&#253;ra &#254;a&#240; fyrirb&#230;ri sem Saad f&#225;lmar eftir sk&#253;ringum &#225;, altso: Ef Vesturlandab&#250;ar eru &#254;annig &#250;r gar&#240;i ger&#240;ir a&#240; &#254;eir eru &#243;venjulega tilb&#250;nir a&#240; treysta &#243;kunnugum, hl&#253;&#240;a almennum si&#240;fer&#240;isreglum og s&#253;na samkennd langt &#250;t fyrir eigin fj&#246;lskyldu og h&#243;p, &#254;&#225; fer &#254;a&#240; langt me&#240; a&#240; sk&#253;ra &#254;a&#240; sem Saad kallar &#8220;</span><em><span>sj&#225;lfsmor&#240;ssamkennd</span></em>&#8221;<span> &#8212; mun lengra en a&#240; yfirn&#225;tt&#250;rulegur v&#243;k s&#253;kill hafi skyndilega varpa&#240; millj&#243;num Evr&#243;pumanna &#237; myrkur sj&#225;lfsmor&#240;shuglei&#240;inga.</span></p><h2><span>Breytt L&#253;&#240;fr&#230;&#240;i = Breytt Samkennd</span></h2><p><span>Annar veikleiki &#237; greiningu Saads er a&#240; hann gefur &#237; skyn a&#240; stu&#240;ningur &#243;l&#237;kra h&#243;pa vi&#240; frams&#230;kin stefnum&#225;l endurspegli s&#246;mu s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ilegu hv&#246;tina. Kannanir &#225; kosningaheg&#240;un &#243;l&#237;kra h&#243;pa s&#253;na a&#240; svo er alls ekki. Vestr&#230;nir kj&#243;sendur sty&#240;ja fj&#246;lmenningu, r&#233;ttindi innflytjenda og s&#233;rt&#230;kar jafnr&#233;ttisa&#240;ger&#240;ir &#237; krafti </span><strong><span>s&#233;r</span></strong><span>-vestr&#230;nnar samkenndar og si&#240;fer&#240;is &#225; me&#240;an a&#240;rir, &#243;vestr&#230;nir, h&#243;par sty&#240;ja s&#246;mu flokka vegna &#254;ess a&#240; sl&#237;k stefna verndar hagsmuni &#254;eirra eigin tr&#250;ar- og &#254;j&#243;&#240;ernish&#243;pa.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-10" href="#footnote-10" target="_self">10</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L5VH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61e65c2c-5284-4846-a90d-2dacfbfe304d_1280x880.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Kosning Zhorans Mamdanis endurspeglar ekki skj&#225;lfmor&#240;ssamkennd, p&#243;stm&#243;dernisma e&#240;a h&#243;phyggju a&#240; h&#230;tti Dagsbr&#250;nar heldur einfaldlega breytta l&#253;&#240;fr&#230;&#240;i.</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>&#222;annig geta &#237;haldssamir minnihlutah&#243;par eins og m&#250;slimar kosi&#240; frj&#225;lslynda flokka sem standa v&#246;r&#240; um tr&#250;frelsi, kvennfrelsi og r&#233;ttindi samkynhneig&#240;ra &#225;n &#254;ess a&#240; deila hugsj&#243;num v&#243;ksins e&#240;a veri&#240; haldnir </span><em><span>sj&#225;lfsmor&#240;ssamkennd</span></em><span>.</span></p><p><span>Ein st&#230;rsta skekkjan &#237; greiningu Saads er &#254;v&#237;, enn og aftur, a&#240; me&#240;h&#246;ndla veika h&#243;phollustu Vesturlandab&#250;a sem algilda tilhneigingu mannkyns sem hafi skyndilega fari&#240; &#250;r b&#246;ndunum vegna v&#243;kisma &#8212; s&#233;rstaklega &#237; lj&#243;si &#254;ess a&#240; &#254;a&#240; r&#237;kir fr&#230;&#240;ileg samsta&#240;a um a&#240; vestr&#230;nt si&#240;fer&#240;i s&#233; s&#246;gulega s&#233;rst&#230;tt. &#222;a&#240; sem Saad l&#253;sir sem hugmyndafr&#230;&#240;ilegu sturlunar&#225;standi vir&#240;ist &#254;v&#237; mun frekar byggjast &#225; s&#233;rst&#246;&#240;u vestr&#230;ns samf&#233;lags &#8212; og hva&#240; gerist &#254;egar vestr&#230;n og &#243;vestr&#230;n gildi m&#230;tast innan vestr&#230;ns kerfis.</span></p><p><strong><span>L&#253;&#240;fr&#230;&#240;id&#243;lgurinn</span></strong><span><br>&#222;a&#240; dylst engum a&#240; l&#253;&#240;fr&#230;&#240;i evr&#243;pskra samf&#233;laga er a&#240; breytast. Sl&#237;kum breytingum fylgir a&#240;l&#246;gun og, auglj&#243;slega, &#225;rekstrar &#8212; sumir myndu jafnvel ganga svo langt segja a&#240; sl&#237;k, &#243;umbe&#240;in, a&#240;l&#246;gun af h&#225;lfu stj&#243;rnm&#225;lamanna &#225; Vesturl&#246;ndum v&#230;ru heimam&#246;nnum ska&#240;s&#246;m. Ska&#240;semin felst &#254;v&#237; ekki &#237; annarlegum hv&#246;tum sem Saad gerir okkur upp, eins og &#243;&#240;s manns sj&#225;lfsmor&#240;shuglei&#240;ingum e&#240;a narsissisma, heldur einfaldlega fj&#246;lmenningarlegum &#225;rekstrum &#237; vestr&#230;num samf&#233;l&#246;gum sem eru a&#240; kikna undan &#225;lagi &#243;vestr&#230;nna &#250;tlendinga:</span></p><p><span>Til a&#240; koma til m&#243;ts vi&#240; s&#237;vaxandi h&#243;p &#250;tlendinga setja Vesturlandab&#250;ar sig &#237; samband vi&#240; e&#240;lisl&#230;g vestr&#230;n gildi um g&#243;&#240;mennsku, gestrisni og traust sem endar me&#240; ska&#240;legum aflei&#240;ingum fyrir &#254;&#225; sj&#225;lfa.</span></p><p><span>Vandam&#225;li&#240; er ekki g&#246;fug gildi Vesturlandab&#250;a um gestrisni og traust, sem Saad fer ni&#240;randi or&#240;um um og kallar </span><em><span>sj&#225;lfsmor&#240;ssamkennd </span></em><span>og </span><em><span>narsisima</span></em><span>, heldur einfaldlega; skyndilegt og &#243;umbe&#240;i&#240; fl&#243;&#240; af &#243;vestr&#230;num innflytjendum yfir vestr&#230;n samf&#233;l&#246;g &#8212; me&#240; tilheyrandi ska&#240;a og menningarlegum &#225;rekstum. Sl&#237;kir &#225;rekstar &#230;ttu ekki a&#240; koma Saad &#225; &#243;vart &#254;ar sem sj&#225;lfur Saad er ekki af vestr&#230;nu bergi brotin heldur innflytjandi &#237; Kanada sem f&#230;ddist &#237; L&#237;banon.</span></p><h2><strong><span>Bakgrunnur</span></strong></h2><p><span>Saad hefur skrifa&#240; miki&#240; um reynslu s&#237;na sem gy&#240;ingur sem var ger&#240;ur &#250;tl&#230;gur fr&#225; L&#237;banon og l&#253;st bar&#225;ttu sinni gegn &#237;slamisma sem pers&#243;nulegu verkefni. &#222;a&#240; er &#254;v&#237; hvorki &#243;e&#240;lilegt n&#233; &#243;sanngjarnt a&#240; r&#230;&#240;a bakgrunn hans &#254;egar verk hans eru metin. S&#250; reynsla getur vissulega gefi&#240; honum g&#243;&#240;a inns&#253;n &#237; tr&#250;arlega &#246;fgahyggju og &#225;t&#246;k milli h&#243;pa, en h&#250;n getur jafnframt &#254;rengt sj&#243;nsvi&#240; evr&#243;pskra lesenda &#254;egar vandam&#225;l fj&#246;lmenningarsamf&#233;laga &#225; Vesturl&#246;ndum eru &#237;treka&#240; t&#250;lku&#240; eing&#246;ngu &#250;t fr&#225; &#237;slam. </span></p><p><span>Vandinn vi&#240; einsleita umfj&#246;llun Saads um &#237;slam er, a&#240; fj&#246;lmenningarleg togstreita &#225; Vesturl&#246;ndum er mun v&#237;&#240;t&#230;kari en &#237;slam eitt og s&#233;r. Hi&#240; raunverulega </span><strong><span>sj&#225;lfmor&#240;sm&#225;l </span></strong><span>Vesturlanda &#8212; &#250;tskipti Evr&#243;pumanna &#8212; tengist oft innflutningi &#225; &#254;j&#243;&#240;ernish&#243;pum eins og Indverjum, K&#237;nverjum og Afr&#237;kub&#250;um, &#254;ar sem &#237;slam kemur hvergi n&#230;rri.</span></p><p><span>&#205;slamv&#230;&#240;ing &#225; vesturl&#246;ndum er vissulega st&#243;rt vandam&#225;l &#254;ar sem f&#225;tt undirstrikar mismun milli vestr&#230;nnar og &#243;vestr&#230;nar menningar jafn vel og &#237;slam. En &#237;slam er engu a&#240; s&#237;&#240;ur bara ein birtingarmynd, af m&#246;rgum, af &#254;eirri menningarlegu gj&#225; sem r&#237;kir milli Evr&#243;pu og annarra heimshluta.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2rX_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0d8d2fb-d921-4d9c-9f52-5d8609ebe14a_6170x1943.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2rX_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0d8d2fb-d921-4d9c-9f52-5d8609ebe14a_6170x1943.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2rX_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0d8d2fb-d921-4d9c-9f52-5d8609ebe14a_6170x1943.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2rX_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0d8d2fb-d921-4d9c-9f52-5d8609ebe14a_6170x1943.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2rX_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0d8d2fb-d921-4d9c-9f52-5d8609ebe14a_6170x1943.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2rX_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0d8d2fb-d921-4d9c-9f52-5d8609ebe14a_6170x1943.jpeg" width="1456" height="459" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2rX_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0d8d2fb-d921-4d9c-9f52-5d8609ebe14a_6170x1943.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2rX_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0d8d2fb-d921-4d9c-9f52-5d8609ebe14a_6170x1943.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2rX_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0d8d2fb-d921-4d9c-9f52-5d8609ebe14a_6170x1943.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2rX_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0d8d2fb-d921-4d9c-9f52-5d8609ebe14a_6170x1943.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">D&#230;mi um &#243;d&#230;&#240;i sem voru framin af innflytjendum sem voru EKKI m&#250;slimar. Fr&#225; vinstri til h&#230;gri: mor&#240;i&#240; &#225; Iryna Zarutska, mor&#240;i&#240; &#225; Henry Nowak, mor&#240;i&#240; &#225; Christian Zedig, hry&#240;juverka&#225;r&#225;sin &#225; j&#243;lamarka&#240;inn &#237; Magdeburg 2024.</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>&#222;egar &#237;slam ver&#240;ur mi&#240;punktur greiningarinnar og &#254;egar pers&#243;nuleg reynsla Saads ver&#240;ur a&#240; almennri sk&#253;ringu &#225; &#254;eirri &#243;gn sem Vesturl&#246;nd standa frammi fyrir er h&#230;tta &#225; a&#240; Evr&#243;pumenn gerist m&#225;lali&#240;ar gegn einum h&#243;pi eing&#246;ngu &#237; g&#230;luverkefni eins manns fr&#225; L&#237;banon og hundsi a&#240;rar &#243;gnir sem af &#254;eim stafa og fela &#237; s&#233;r tilvistar &#243;gn sem n&#230;r langt &#250;t fyrir &#237;slam.</span></p><p><strong><span>Er gests auga&#240; gl&#246;ggt e&#240;a sk&#253;ja&#240;?</span></strong><span><br>A&#240; Gad Saad s&#233; utana&#240;komandi gestur &#237; vestr&#230;nu samf&#233;lagi vekur l&#237;ka spurningar um hvort hann skilji ekki fyllilega &#254;&#225; s&#233;rst&#230;&#240;u vestr&#230;nu s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;i sem hann reynir a&#240; greina, sem gerir &#254;a&#240; a&#240; verkum a&#240; hann skilgreinir g&#243;&#240; gildi eins og sameiginlega samvisku og traust sem eru Evr&#243;pum&#246;nnum e&#240;lisl&#230;g sem sj&#250;k og andstyggileg.</span></p><p><span>Einnig er ver&#240;ugt a&#240; velta &#254;v&#237; fyrir s&#233;r hvort greining Saads eigi meira skylt me&#240; hans eigin &#254;j&#243;&#240;ernislegum hagsmunum en hagsmunum Vesturlanda: Saad tilheyrir &#243;vestr&#230;num &#254;j&#243;&#240;ernish&#243;pi sem heldur til &#237; vestr&#230;num samf&#233;l&#246;gum sem vill svo til a&#240; eldar gr&#225;tt silfur vi&#240; &#237;slam. &#222;a&#240; er &#254;v&#237; fyrst og fremst honum og hans &#254;j&#243;&#240; &#237; hag a&#240; vestr&#230;n samf&#233;l&#246;g losi sig vi&#240; &#237;slam en ekki endilega a&#240;ra innflytjendur &#8212; eins og As&#237;ub&#250;a, Indverja, Afr&#237;kub&#250;a, o.s.frv. &#8212; sem evr&#243;pskum frumbyggjum stafar jafn, ef ekki meiri, l&#253;&#240;fr&#230;&#240;ileg &#243;gn af, burts&#233;&#240; fr&#225; &#237;slam.</span></p><p><span>Ef svo er, &#254;&#225; &#225; verkefni Saads meira sameiginlegt me&#240; verkefni st&#243;rborgarstj&#243;ranna Zohran Mamdani og Sadiq Khan, sem hvarfast um &#254;j&#243;&#240;ernislega hagsmuni &#243;vestr&#230;nna innflytjenda, en hugsj&#243;num vestr&#230;nna h&#230;grimanna um &#225;framhaldandi einsleitni og s&#233;rkenni vestr&#230;nna &#254;j&#243;&#240;a.</span></p><h2><span>Spurt a&#240; leikslokum</span></h2><p><span>Saad telur Vesturl&#246;nd n&#225;lgast &#254;olm&#246;rk &#254;ar sem &#8220;</span><em><span>sj&#225;lfsmor&#240;ssamkenndin</span></em>&#8221;<span> ver&#240;i or&#240;in svo ska&#240;leg a&#240; n&#225;tt&#250;rulegt bakslag hlj&#243;ti a&#240; fylgja &#237; kj&#246;lfari&#240;. &#218;t fr&#225; darwin&#237;sku vi&#240;mi&#240;i v&#230;ri vissulega r&#246;kr&#233;tt a&#240; sp&#225; svo fyrir um; &#254;egar a&#240;l&#246;gunareinkenni (samkennd) hefur sn&#250;ist upp &#237; andhverfu s&#237;na, og er or&#240;i&#240; einstaklingum ska&#240;samt, &#254;&#225; ney&#240;ist einstaklingurinn til lei&#240;r&#233;tta sig af &#8212; til a&#240; lifa af.</span></p><p><span>Vandinn vi&#240; sl&#237;ka sp&#225; er s&#225; a&#240; h&#250;n gengur &#250;t fr&#225; &#254;v&#237; a&#240; um s&#233; a&#240; r&#230;&#240;a t&#237;mabundi&#240; sturlunar&#225;stand hvers og eins. En ef Vesturlandab&#250;ar er ekki sturla&#240;ir heldur einfaldlega e&#240;lisl&#230;gt WEIRD f&#243;lk &#254;&#225; &#254;&#253;&#240;ir &#254;a&#240; a&#240; &#254;eir s&#233;u &#237; raun og veru a&#240; haga s&#233;r fullkomlega e&#240;lilega &#8212; all &#254;&#243; &#237; </span><strong><span>&#243;e&#240;lilegum</span></strong><span> a&#240;st&#230;&#240;um. Vesturlandab&#250;ar munu halda &#225;fram a&#240; hneigjast eindregi&#240; til einstaklingshyggju, treysta &#243;kunnugum og fylgja almennum reglum &#8212; a&#240; &#254;v&#237; hj&#225;leg&#240;u a&#240; &#254;eir eru umkringdir af s&#237;vaxandi h&#243;pi &#250;tlendinga sem hugsa og heg&#240;a s&#233;r &#225; &#246;ndver&#240;um mei&#240;i.</span></p><p><span>Af &#254;eim s&#246;kum er engin s&#233;rst&#246;k &#225;st&#230;&#240;a til a&#240; &#230;tla a&#240; Vesturl&#246;nd &#8222;hr&#246;kkvi til baka&#8220; &#254;egar kostna&#240;ur af samkennd ver&#240;ur n&#230;gilega mikill. Vestr&#230;n gildi eru ekki a&#240;eins innbygg&#240; &#237; haus Evr&#243;pumanna heldur eru &#254;au l&#237;ka innbygg&#240; &#237; l&#246;g, d&#243;mst&#243;la, stj&#243;rns&#253;slu, h&#225;sk&#243;la, fj&#246;lmi&#240;la, atvinnul&#237;f, innflytjendastefnu og al&#254;j&#243;&#240;legar mannr&#233;ttindastofnanir og s&#237;&#240;ast en ekki s&#237;st </span><strong><span>efnahagskerfi</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p><span>Frj&#225;lslyndur kap&#237;talismi byggir a&#240; st&#243;rum hluta &#225; hreyfanleika vinnuafls, opnum m&#246;rku&#240;um og samf&#233;lags sem binst kringum skilvirkni og neyslu umfram fj&#246;lskyldub&#246;nd og &#254;j&#243;&#240;erni. Fyrirt&#230;ki og hagsmunasamt&#246;k atvinnul&#237;fsins hafa &#254;v&#237; mikinn efnahagslegann hvata &#237; a&#240; sty&#240;ja innflutning &#250;tlendinga, fj&#246;lmenningu og al&#254;j&#243;&#240;av&#230;&#240;ingu vegna a&#240;gangs a&#240; &#243;d&#253;ru vinnuafli og st&#230;rri neytendamarka&#240;a.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g_x-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82e28b2e-ea31-48ae-afa1-06e0a8c9fa5a_1536x748.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g_x-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82e28b2e-ea31-48ae-afa1-06e0a8c9fa5a_1536x748.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g_x-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82e28b2e-ea31-48ae-afa1-06e0a8c9fa5a_1536x748.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g_x-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82e28b2e-ea31-48ae-afa1-06e0a8c9fa5a_1536x748.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g_x-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82e28b2e-ea31-48ae-afa1-06e0a8c9fa5a_1536x748.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g_x-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82e28b2e-ea31-48ae-afa1-06e0a8c9fa5a_1536x748.jpeg" width="1456" height="709" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/82e28b2e-ea31-48ae-afa1-06e0a8c9fa5a_1536x748.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:709,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:241914,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://opinaugu.substack.com/i/210551958?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82e28b2e-ea31-48ae-afa1-06e0a8c9fa5a_1536x748.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g_x-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82e28b2e-ea31-48ae-afa1-06e0a8c9fa5a_1536x748.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g_x-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82e28b2e-ea31-48ae-afa1-06e0a8c9fa5a_1536x748.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g_x-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82e28b2e-ea31-48ae-afa1-06e0a8c9fa5a_1536x748.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g_x-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82e28b2e-ea31-48ae-afa1-06e0a8c9fa5a_1536x748.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>&#222;a&#240; sem Saad sk&#253;rir sem aflei&#240;ingu </span><em><span>sj&#225;lfsmor&#240;ssamkenndar</span></em><span> ver&#240;ur &#254;v&#237; vart skili&#240; &#225;n &#254;ess a&#240; horfa til efnahagskerfis sem byggir &#225; vestr&#230;nni neyslu-og einstaklingshyggju, sem er vi&#240;haldi&#240; af &#246;flugum hagsmunaa&#240;ilum sem maka kr&#243;kinn &#225; opnum samf&#233;l&#246;gum me&#240; hreyfanlegu vinnuafli.</span></p><p><strong><span>Einstaklingshyggja</span></strong><span><br>Lausnin sem Saad reifar f&#230;rir vandann ni&#240;ur &#225; plan einstaklingsins og gerir r&#225;&#240; fyrir a&#240; kerfi&#240; breytist til batna&#240;ar &#254;egar </span><em><strong><span>hver og einn</span></strong></em><span> muni einfaldlega endurstilla eigin samkennd. &#193;kve&#240;in kaldh&#230;&#240;ni a&#240; lausnin sem Saad b&#253;&#240;ur fram skuli felast &#237; s&#246;mu einstaklingshyggjunni sem bygg&#240;i upp og vi&#240;heldur vestr&#230;nu, og &#254;v&#237; raunverulega sj&#225;lfsmyr&#240;andi, fj&#225;rm&#225;lakerfi sem er a&#240; skipta &#250;t &#254;j&#243;&#240;um &#237; Evr&#243;pu.</span></p><p><span>Einstaklingssinnu&#240; lausn Saads sk&#253;rir einnig af einhverju leyti mets&#246;lu &#225; b&#243;k hans: meirihluti lesenda Saads eru a&#240; giska &#237;haldsamir Vesturlandab&#250;ar, hallir undir einstaklingshyggju og &#243;ar vi&#240; &#254;eim byltingarkenndu breytingum sem raunverulega &#254;arf til a&#240; afst&#253;ra Vesturl&#246;ndum fr&#225; yfirvofandi falli. &#222;a&#240; gefur &#254;v&#237; auga lei&#240; a&#240; sj&#225;lfshj&#225;lparb&#230;kur sem lofa einf&#246;ldum skyndilausnum &#225; st&#243;rkostlegum tilvistarvanda s&#233;u freistandi kaup.</span></p><p><strong><span>Enn spurt </span>a&#240; leikslokum</strong><span><br>A&#240; m&#237;nu mati er darwin&#237;skt bakslag Saads &#243;l&#237;klegt, &#254;ar sem &#243;venjuleg samkennd okkar er kyrfilega f&#246;st &#237; s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;i Vesturlandab&#250;a og stj&#243;rns&#253;slulega fastk&#243;&#240;u&#240; &#237; stofnanir &#225; vesturl&#246;ndum &#8212; sem gerir &#254;a&#240; enn &#243;l&#237;klegra a&#240; aukinn &#254;r&#253;stingur, &#237; krafti and&#243;fs </span><em><strong><span>hvers og eins</span></strong></em><span>, muni lei&#240;a til vestr&#230;ns vi&#240;sn&#250;nings &#225; l&#253;&#240;fr&#230;&#240;ilegum breytingum.</span></p><p><span>Enn fremur, hvarfast einstaklingshyggjusinnu&#240; fj&#246;lmenningarsamf&#233;l&#246;g kringum einkaneyslu &#254;ar sem &#243;l&#237;kir h&#243;par geta t&#250;lka&#240; kreppu &#250;t fr&#225; eigin hagsmunum og sj&#225;lfsmynd &#8212; &#254;annig a&#240; vaxandi &#225;t&#246;k, &#243;&#246;ryggi og f&#233;lagslegur &#254;r&#253;stingur er mun l&#237;klegri til a&#240; auka sundrungu og firringu en a&#240; kalla fram einhverskonar sameiginlega &#8222;darwin&#237;ska&#8220; vakningu. Reynsla fr&#225; Su&#240;ur-Afr&#237;ku og ranns&#243;knir Roberts Putnams &#225; trausti &#237; fj&#246;lmenningarsamf&#233;l&#246;gum s&#253;na td. a&#240; vestr&#230;nir &#254;j&#243;&#240;ernish&#243;par eru mun l&#237;klegri til a&#240; h&#246;rfa fr&#225; &#225;t&#246;kum og einangra sig en a&#240; safna li&#240;i og berjast fyrir eigin hagsmunum.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-11" href="#footnote-11" target="_self">11</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-12" href="#footnote-12" target="_self">12</a></p><p><span>En &#254;a&#240; er ekki &#254;ar me&#240; sagt darwin&#237;skt bakslag s&#233; &#250;t &#250;r myndinni f&#225;i fj&#246;lmenning a&#240; springa fyllilega &#250;t &#225; Vesturl&#246;ndum. &#222;egar hv&#237;tir komast &#237; minnihluta munu vestr&#230;n landsv&#230;&#240;i a&#240; &#246;llum l&#237;kindum taka aftur upp darwin&#237;ska l&#237;fsbar&#225;ttu &#254;ar sem &#243;l&#237;kir h&#243;par munu berjast um v&#246;ld og &#225;hrif &#225; sv&#230;&#240;um &#254;ar sem &#225;&#240;ur r&#237;kti vestr&#230;n samheldni.</span></p><h2><span>Raunlausnir?</span></h2><p><span>Ef &#254;au gildi sem &#233;g kalla </span><em><span>WEIRD </span></em><span>og Saad kallar </span><em><span>sj&#225;lfsmor&#240;ssamkennd</span></em><span> eru jafn inngr&#243;in &#237; fj&#225;rm&#225;lakerfi, l&#246;g og stj&#243;rns&#253;slu Vesturlanda og h&#233;r hefur veri&#240; reifa&#240;, &#254;&#225; vaknar spurningin hva&#240; &#254;yrfti &#237; raun til a&#240; breyta &#254;eim?</span></p><p><span>Endurstilling &#225; samkennd Vesturlandab&#250;a, eins og Saad leggur til, er a&#240; &#246;llum l&#237;kindum &#243;raunh&#230;f til a&#240; byrja me&#240; &#254;ar sem pers&#243;nuleikaeinkenni manna eru ekki rofar sem ver&#240;ur sn&#250;i&#240; eftir vind&#225;tt &#237; p&#243;lit&#237;k. En jafnvel &#254;&#243;tt h&#250;n v&#230;ri m&#246;guleg, er lj&#243;st a&#240; sl&#237;k endurstilling er ekki n&#230;gileg til a&#240; breyta &#254;eim l&#246;gum, stofnunum og efnahagslegu hv&#246;tum sem vi&#240;halda kerfinu.</span></p><p><span>N&#230;rt&#230;kasta d&#230;mi&#240; um raung&#243;&#240;a breytingu fl&#243;knu samf&#233;lagskerfi &#237; n&#250;t&#237;manum er El Salvador undir stj&#243;rn Nayib Bukele. En vera ber a&#240; nefna a&#240; st&#243;rfeldar breytingar &#225; &#246;ryggisstefnu stj&#243;rnvalda &#237; El Salvador bygg&#240;ist </span><strong><span>ekki </span></strong><span>&#225; hugarfarsbreytingu </span><em><strong><span>hvers og eins</span></strong></em><span> heldur ney&#240;arr&#233;tti, fj&#246;ldahandt&#246;kum, afn&#225;mi l&#246;gbundinna r&#233;ttinda, endurskipulagningu d&#243;mskerfisins og sam&#254;j&#246;ppun r&#237;kisvalds.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-13" href="#footnote-13" target="_self">13</a><span> Stj&#243;rnart&#237;&#240; Bukele s&#253;nir hversu hvurslags a&#240;ger&#240;ir eru a&#240;kallandi og hversu r&#243;tt&#230;kar &#254;&#230;r &#254;urfa a&#240; vera ef markmi&#240;i&#240; er a&#240; r&#237;fa upp fl&#243;ki&#240; reglukerfi stofnanna me&#240; r&#243;tum.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1-W!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77f4e4bc-a930-48fa-8872-3c2805e01199_1975x943.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1-W!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77f4e4bc-a930-48fa-8872-3c2805e01199_1975x943.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1-W!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77f4e4bc-a930-48fa-8872-3c2805e01199_1975x943.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1-W!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77f4e4bc-a930-48fa-8872-3c2805e01199_1975x943.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1-W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77f4e4bc-a930-48fa-8872-3c2805e01199_1975x943.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1-W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77f4e4bc-a930-48fa-8872-3c2805e01199_1975x943.jpeg" width="1456" height="695" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1-W!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77f4e4bc-a930-48fa-8872-3c2805e01199_1975x943.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1-W!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77f4e4bc-a930-48fa-8872-3c2805e01199_1975x943.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1-W!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77f4e4bc-a930-48fa-8872-3c2805e01199_1975x943.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!H1-W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77f4e4bc-a930-48fa-8872-3c2805e01199_1975x943.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>L&#230;t &#243;sagt hvurju &#233;g m&#230;li me&#240; en samanbur&#240;urinn vi&#240; Bukele afhj&#250;par alv&#246;ruleysi Saads: hann talar um st&#243;rkostlega tilvistar &#243;gn hins vestr&#230;na heims en gerir samt r&#225;&#240; fyrir ofur einfaldri s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ilegri lei&#240;r&#233;ttingu einstaklingsins, &#225;n &#254;ess a&#240; horfast &#237; augu vi&#240; hversu umfangsmiklar p&#243;lit&#237;skar og stofnanalegar breytingar &#254;yrfti a&#240; r&#225;&#240;ast &#237; til a&#240; afst&#253;ra greiningu hans um Vesturl&#246;nd &#225; barmi sj&#225;lfsmor&#240;s.</span></p><h2><span>Lokaor&#240;</span></h2><p><span>Styrkur </span><em><span>Suicidal Empathy</span></em><span> felst &#237; &#254;v&#237; hversu gr&#237;pandi hugtaki&#240; er. Saad gefur lesendum sni&#240;ugt heiti yfir tilfinningu sem flestir &#254;ekkja: a&#240; samkennd geti gengi&#240; of langt og sn&#250;ist gegn &#254;eim sem henni beita. Hann sn&#253;r l&#237;ka fl&#243;knum s&#246;gulegum, erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegum, stofnanalegum og efnahagslegum ferlum upp &#237; einfalt s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ilegt vandam&#225;l (e. pop psychology). &#222;ar liggur einnig megin veikleikinn: Lesandinn f&#230;r &#225; tilfinninguna a&#240; m&#246;guleg lausn felist &#237; p&#237;nu meiri h&#246;rku, betra jafnv&#230;gi og pers&#243;nulegri m&#243;tspyrnu, &#225;n &#254;ess a&#240; &#254;urfa a&#240; horfast &#237; augu vi&#240; l&#237;ffr&#230;&#240;ilegan fj&#246;lbreytileika mannkyns og hva&#240; felst raunverulega &#237; a&#240; b&#230;ta kerfin sem valda og vi&#240;halda &#254;v&#237; samf&#233;lagsmynstri sem Saad sj&#225;lfur gagnr&#253;nir.</span></p><p><span>&#222;a&#240; er au&#240;velt a&#240; sj&#225; fyrir s&#233;r &#237;haldss&#246;m hj&#243;n loka b&#243;kinni eftir lestur, l&#237;ta hvort &#225; anna&#240; og komast a&#240; &#254;eirri ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;u a&#240; &#254;au &#254;urfi n&#250; einfaldlega a&#240; stilla til eigin sam&#250;&#240; og vera a&#240;eins minna </span><em><span>woke </span></em><span>en &#254;au v&#243;ru &#237; k&#243;vid. Vandinn er a&#240; sl&#237;k hugarfarsbreyting, jafnvel &#254;&#243;tt h&#250;n v&#230;ri m&#246;guleg, breytir ekki l&#246;gum, d&#243;mst&#243;lum, h&#225;sk&#243;lum, stj&#243;rns&#253;slu, efnahag e&#240;a &#254;eirri vestr&#230;nu einstaklingshyggju sem sl&#237;kar venjur og stofnanir hv&#237;la &#225;. B&#243;kin gerir &#254;annig kerfisbundinn vanda a&#240; pers&#243;nulegri si&#240;fer&#240;is afst&#246;&#240;u &#8212; og er ef til vill einmitt &#254;ess vegna svo au&#240;velt a&#240; tileinka s&#233;r bo&#240;skap hennar.</span></p><p><span>Saad hefur r&#233;tt fyrir s&#233;r um eitt grundvallaratri&#240;i: samkennd getur veri&#240; ranglega beitt og f&#246;gur fyrirheit geta haft ska&#240;legar aflei&#240;ingar. En hann fann ekki upp &#254;&#225; hugmynd, n&#233; byggir b&#243;kin &#225; hans eigin kl&#237;n&#237;skum ranns&#243;knum. &#222;r&#243;unarkenningunni er beitt &#243;jafnt, misj&#246;fn dreifing og s&#233;rsta&#240;a vestr&#230;nnar samkenndar er illa sk&#253;r&#240; og ofur&#225;hersla &#225; p&#243;stm&#243;dernisma og &#237;slamisma skyggir &#225; l&#253;&#240;fr&#230;&#240;ilega &#254;r&#243;un og dj&#250;pst&#230;&#240;ari stofnanaleg og efnahagsleg &#246;fl sem eru raunverulega a&#240; st&#253;ra Vesturl&#246;ndum &#237; &#225;tt til sj&#225;lfsmor&#240;s. </span></p><p><em><span>Suicidal Empathy</span></em><span> er &#254;v&#237; gr&#237;pandi l&#253;sing &#225; raunverulegum vestr&#230;num kv&#237;&#240;a, en s&#237;&#240;ur sannf&#230;randi kenning um orsakir hans. Saad darwin&#237;serar samkennd, menningarv&#230;&#240;ir meint fr&#225;vik hennar og skilur eftir &#243;snert &#254;&#225; d&#253;pri s&#246;gu sem m&#243;ta&#240;i vestr&#230;nt si&#240;fer&#240;i til a&#240; byrja me&#240;.</span></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Oakley, Barbara, Ariel Knafo, Guruprasad Madhavan og David Sloan Wilson, ritstj. <em>Pathological Altruism</em>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Saad, Gad. <em>Suicidal Empathy: Dying to Be Kind</em>. New York: Broadside Books, 2026. bls. 1, 5, 7, 14, 72 og 153.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Saad, <em>Suicidal Empathy</em>, bls. 16 og 67.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Saad, <em>Suicidal Empathy</em>, bls. xi&#8211;xiv, 22&#8211;23, 34&#8211;36, 51, 118&#8211;126 og 162.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Lynn, Richard. &#8220;Racial and Ethnic Differences in Psychopathic Personality.&#8221; <em>Personality and Individual Differences</em> 32, nr. 2 (2002): 273&#8211;316.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Abramson, Lior, Florina Uzefovsky, Virgilia Toccaceli og Ariel Knafo-Noam. &#8220;The Genetic and Environmental Origins of Emotional and Cognitive Empathy: Review and Meta-Analyses of Twin Studies.&#8221; <em>Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews</em> 114 (2020): 113&#8211;133.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Gong, Pingyuan, Huiyong Fan, Jinting Liu, Xing Yang, Kejin Zhang og Xiaolin Zhou. &#8220;Revisiting the Impact of OXTR rs53576 on Empathy: A Population-Based Study and a Meta-Analysis.&#8221; <em>Psychoneuroendocrinology</em> 80 (2017): 131&#8211;136.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Schwaba, Ted, Margaret L. Clapp Sullivan, Wonuola A. Akingbuwa o.fl. &#8220;Robust Inference and Widespread Genetic Correlates from a Large-Scale Genetic Association Study of Human Personality.&#8221; Forprent, <em>bioRxiv</em>, 20. ma&#237; 2025.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-9" href="#footnote-anchor-9" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">9</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Henrich, Joseph. <em>The WEIRDest People in the World: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous</em>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-10" href="#footnote-anchor-10" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">10</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>American National Election Studies. <em>ANES 2020 Time Series Study: Preliminary Release&#8212;Combined Pre-Election and Post-Election Data</em>. 24. mars 2021. <a href="https://electionstudies.org/data-center/2020-time-series-study/">https://electionstudies.org/data-center/2020-time-series-study/</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-11" href="#footnote-anchor-11" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">11</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Putnam, Robert D. <em>Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community</em>. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster, 2000.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-12" href="#footnote-anchor-12" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">12</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Johnson, Scott C. &#8220;South Africa&#8217;s New White Flight.&#8221; <em>Newsweek</em>, 14. febr&#250;ar 2009. <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/south-africas-new-white-flight-82709">https://www.newsweek.com/south-africas-new-white-flight-82709</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-13" href="#footnote-anchor-13" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">13</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Avelar, Bryan. &#8220;Nayib Bukele&#8217;s Route to Erasing Limits on Power in El Salvador.&#8221; <em>El Pa&#237;s</em>, 29. j&#250;l&#237; 2026. <a href="https://english.elpais.com/international/2026-07-29/nayib-bukeles-route-to-erasing-limits-on-power-in-el-salvador.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com">https://english.elpais.com/international/2026-07-29/nayib-bukeles-route-to-erasing-limits-on-power-in-el-salvador.html</a></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Furðulegasta fólk í heimi]]></title><description><![CDATA[The WEIRDest People in the World]]></description><link>https://www.opinaugu.is/p/furulegasta-folk-i-heimi</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.opinaugu.is/p/furulegasta-folk-i-heimi</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Opin Augu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2026 16:44:27 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fe14ca3c-67e9-4302-b354-bc8b937841ef_1376x940.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#193;ri&#240; 2020 kom &#250;t &#225;hugaver&#240; b&#243;k sem bar titilinn <em><span>The WEIRDest People in the World, </span></em>eftir mannfr&#230;&#240;ingin og Harvard pr&#243;fessorinn Joseph Henrich, sem setti fram &#246;grandi kenningu um a&#240; Vesturlandab&#250;ar v&#230;ru s&#233;rkennilegustu menn &#237; s&#246;gu mannkyns.</p><p>Til a&#240; l&#253;sa t&#233;&#240;um s&#233;rkennum nota&#240;i Heinrich sni&#240;uga skammst&#246;fun, W.E.I.R.D sem stendur fyrir:</p><ul><li><p><strong><span>W</span></strong>: <em><span>western (vestr&#230;n)</span></em></p></li><li><p><strong><span>E</span></strong>: <em><span>educated (menntu&#240;)</span></em></p></li><li><p><strong><span>I</span></strong>: <em><span>industrialized (i&#240;v&#230;dd)</span></em> </p></li><li><p><strong><span>R</span></strong>: <em><span>rich (r&#237;k)</span></em></p></li><li><p><strong><span>D</span></strong>: <em><span>democratic: (l&#253;&#240;r&#230;&#240;isleg)</span></em></p></li></ul><p>&#205; b&#243;kinni er a&#240; finna umfj&#246;llun um samanbur&#240;aranns&#243;knir og ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;ur tilrauna sem varpa lj&#243;si &#225; hvernig gildi sem Vesturlandab&#250;ar telja almenn og sj&#225;lfs&#246;g&#240; en reynast vi&#240; n&#225;nari sko&#240;un s&#246;gulega mj&#246;g s&#233;rst&#230;&#240;. &#205; b&#243;kinni rekur Henrich me&#240; sannf&#230;randi h&#230;tti hvernig Vesturlandab&#250;ar skera sig fr&#225; &#246;&#240;rum h&#243;pum: &#254;eir hneigjast eindregi&#240; til einstaklingshyggju, eru greinandi &#237; hugsun, s&#237;&#240;ur bundnir fj&#246;lskyldutengslum og mun rei&#240;ub&#250;nari en a&#240;rir h&#243;par mannkyns til a&#240; treysta og vinna me&#240; &#243;kunnugum.</p><p>B&#243;kin haf&#240;i mikil &#225;hrif &#225; h&#246;fund en vakti jafnframt sterk vi&#240;br&#246;g&#240; me&#240;al fr&#230;&#240;imanna: sumir t&#246;ldu Henrich sta&#240;festa ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;ur sem &#254;eir h&#246;f&#240;u &#254;egar n&#225;lgast &#250;r &#246;&#240;rum &#225;ttum, en a&#240;rir gagnr&#253;ndu s&#246;gulegar sk&#253;ringar Henrichs og &#254;a&#240; orsakasamhengi sem hann tefldi fram sem uppruna WEIRD s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;i einkenna Evr&#243;pumanna.</p><p>&#222;a&#240; er &#254;v&#237; &#225;st&#230;&#240;a til a&#240; staldra vi&#240; ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;ur b&#243;karinnar, rekja hvernig WEIRD-hugmyndin var&#240; til, sk&#253;ra meginr&#246;k Henrichs og kanna hversu sannf&#230;randi sk&#253;ring hans &#225; uppruna hins vestr&#230;na hugarfars er &#237; raun og veru.</p><p><strong><span>Bakgrunnur</span></strong><span><br>R&#233;tt er a&#240; taka fram a&#240; hugmyndin um a&#240; Vesturlandab&#250;ar s&#233;u s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ilega og f&#233;lagslega &#243;venjulegt &#250;rtak var&#240; ekki til me&#240; b&#243;k Henrichs. &#193; fyrri hluta tuttugustu aldar h&#246;f&#240;u margir fr&#230;&#240;imenn bent &#225; og fjalla&#240; um s&#233;rkenni vestr&#230;nna samf&#233;laga &#8212; s&#233;rstaklega var&#240;andi fj&#246;lskylduger&#240;. &#222;ar skiptu ranns&#243;knir Johns Hajnal miklu m&#225;li. &#193;ri&#240; 1965 dr&#243; hann svokalla&#240;a Hajnal-l&#237;nu fr&#225; P&#233;tursborg til Trieste sem s&#253;ndi s&#233;rstakt hj&#250;skapar- og heimilismynstur vestan l&#237;nunnar &#237; Nor&#240;vestur-Evr&#243;pu.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a><span> Vestan l&#237;nunnar giftist f&#243;lk seinna en annars sta&#240;ar og n&#253;gift hj&#243;n stofnu&#240;u frekar eigi&#240; heimili en a&#240; flytjast inn til foreldra &#8212; en fj&#246;lkynsl&#243;&#240;aheimili, &#254;ar sem fleiri en ein kynsl&#243;&#240; b&#253;r undir sama &#254;aki eru hins vegar algengasta fj&#246;lskyldumynstri&#240; utan Vesturlanda.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TJzA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2d955de-3185-450a-b941-3caaca73d399_1560x1000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TJzA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2d955de-3185-450a-b941-3caaca73d399_1560x1000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TJzA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2d955de-3185-450a-b941-3caaca73d399_1560x1000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TJzA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2d955de-3185-450a-b941-3caaca73d399_1560x1000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TJzA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2d955de-3185-450a-b941-3caaca73d399_1560x1000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TJzA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2d955de-3185-450a-b941-3caaca73d399_1560x1000.jpeg" width="1456" height="933" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TJzA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2d955de-3185-450a-b941-3caaca73d399_1560x1000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TJzA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2d955de-3185-450a-b941-3caaca73d399_1560x1000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TJzA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2d955de-3185-450a-b941-3caaca73d399_1560x1000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TJzA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2d955de-3185-450a-b941-3caaca73d399_1560x1000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"> Landfr&#230;&#240;ileg m&#246;rk Hanjal l&#237;nurnar afhj&#250;pu&#240;u hvernig evr&#243;pskt hj&#250;skaparmynstur er &#243;venjulegt og m&#246;gulega einstakt &#237; mannkynss&#246;gunni. Hanjal l&#237;nan benti einnig til &#254;ess a&#240; veikara &#230;ttarskipulag, meiri hreyfanleiki og sj&#225;lfst&#230;&#240; heimili kjarnafj&#246;lskyldunnar v&#230;ru einkennandi &#237; Evr&#243;pu.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Hajnal-l&#237;nan var &#254;&#243; ekki eina v&#237;sbendingin um vestr&#230;na s&#233;rst&#246;&#240;u. &#193; &#225;ttunda &#225;ratugnum s&#253;ndu ranns&#243;knir sagnfr&#230;&#240;ingsins Peters Lasletts hvernig s&#233;rkennileg menningar-mynstur eins og sj&#225;lfst&#230;tt heimilishald og kjarnafj&#246;lskyldan &#230;tti s&#233;r dj&#250;par r&#230;tur &#237; Nor&#240;vestur-Evr&#243;pu. Alan Macfarlane tengdi einnig vestr&#230;nt fj&#246;lskyldumynstur vi&#240; einstaklingshyggju, hreyfanleika og eignarhald &#237; b&#243;k sinni <em><span>The Origins of English Individualism</span></em> fr&#225; 1978.</p><p>Joseph Henrich var &#254;v&#237; langt fr&#225; &#254;v&#237; fyrstur til a&#240; koma auga &#225; vestr&#230;na s&#233;rst&#246;&#240;u. Framlag hans f&#243;lst &#254;v&#237; fremur &#237; a&#240; draga saman ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;ur eldri ranns&#243;kna, og tengja &#254;&#230;r &#254;verfaglega vi&#240; n&#253;rri ranns&#243;knir og m&#243;ta &#250;r &#254;eim heildst&#230;&#240;a kenningu um s&#233;rst&#246;&#240;u vestr&#230;ns hugarfars.</p><h2><strong>WEIRD s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;i</strong></h2><p>A&#240; s&#246;gn Heinrich kvikna&#240;i hugmyndin af WEIRD &#254;egar Henrich og samstarfsmenn hans f&#243;ru a&#240; r&#253;na &#237; &#250;rtak s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;iranns&#243;kna. Ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;ur &#254;eirra leiddu &#237; lj&#243;s nokku&#240; sl&#225;andi ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;u: Um 96 pr&#243;sent &#254;&#225;tttakenda &#237; s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ilegum ranns&#243;knum komu fr&#225; Nor&#240;ur-Amer&#237;ku, Nor&#240;ur-Evr&#243;pu og &#193;stral&#237;u.</p><p>&#222;a&#240; sem skar helst &#237; augu Henrich et al. var a&#240; kenningar sem &#225;ttu a&#240; l&#253;sa mannlegu e&#240;li heilt yfir bygg&#240;ust n&#230;r eing&#246;ngu &#225; ranns&#243;knum &#225; Vesturlandab&#250;um &#8212; og svo, &#254;egar ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;ur voru bornar saman vi&#240; ranns&#243;knir fr&#225; &#246;&#240;rum heimshlutum, kom jafnframt &#237; lj&#243;s a&#240; &#254;ankagangur Vesturlandab&#250;a var alls ekki d&#230;miger&#240;ur fyrir mannkyni&#240; &#237; heild, heldur, &#254;vert &#225; m&#243;ti reyndust Vesturlandab&#250;ar vera &#253;kt s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ileg fr&#225;vik &#237; samanbur&#240;i vi&#240; a&#240;ra h&#243;pa.</p><p>&#205; framhaldinu t&#243;ku Henrich og samstarfsmenn hans saman ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;ur samanbur&#240;arranns&#243;kna &#225; &#243;l&#237;kum menningarheimum og birtu &#237; v&#237;sindagrein sem bar titilinn &#8216;<em><span>The Weirdest People in the World?</span></em>&#8216;<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> &#254;ar sem &#254;eir r&#225;ku hvernig vestr&#230;nt WEIRD-f&#243;lk sker sig &#250;r fr&#225; f&#243;lki &#237; &#246;&#240;rum heimshlutum me&#240; tilliti til eftirfarandi s&#233;rkenna:</p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Sterk einstaklingshyggja:</span></strong> WEIRD-f&#243;lk skilgreinir sig fyrst og fremst &#250;t fr&#225; eigin pers&#243;nueinkennum fremur en st&#246;&#240;u innan fj&#246;lskyldu, &#230;ttar e&#240;a samf&#233;lags.</p></li><li><p><strong><span>Sj&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;i:</span></strong> Vesturlandab&#250;ar sk&#253;ra heg&#240;un annarra me&#240; v&#237;sun til pers&#243;nulegra eiginleika fremur en a&#240;st&#230;&#240;na og leggja &#243;venjulega mikla &#225;herslu &#225; sj&#225;lfst&#230;&#240;i einstaklingsins og stj&#243;rn &#225; eigin l&#237;fi.</p></li><li><p><strong><span>Sj&#225;lfr&#230;n samkv&#230;mni:</span></strong> WEIRD f&#243;lk leggur &#225;herslu &#225; a&#240; vera sj&#225;lfu s&#233;r samkv&#230;mt &#237; hv&#237;vetna og l&#237;tur &#225; heg&#240;un sem breytist eftir f&#233;lagslegu samhengi (ie. manngreina&#225;lit) sem merki um &#243;hei&#240;arleika og hr&#230;sni.</p></li></ul><p>Samkv&#230;mt Heinrich birtist vestr&#230;n einstaklingshyggja einnig &#237; &#254;ankagangi og skynjun Vesturlandab&#250;a. WEIRD-f&#243;lk hefur tilhneigingu til greinandi hugsunar: &#254;au einangra einstaka hluti fr&#225; umhverfi, skipta fl&#243;knum fyrirb&#230;rum ni&#240;ur &#237; afmarka&#240;a &#254;&#230;tti og flokka &#254;&#225; eftir &#243;hlutbundnum reglum &#8212; m.&#246;.o &#254;&#225; s&#233;r WEIRD f&#243;lk tr&#233;n fyrst, umfram sk&#243;ginn.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9dvX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60765017-e0de-4a96-96b7-dee1b0e0ed83_593x440.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9dvX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60765017-e0de-4a96-96b7-dee1b0e0ed83_593x440.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9dvX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60765017-e0de-4a96-96b7-dee1b0e0ed83_593x440.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9dvX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60765017-e0de-4a96-96b7-dee1b0e0ed83_593x440.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9dvX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60765017-e0de-4a96-96b7-dee1b0e0ed83_593x440.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9dvX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60765017-e0de-4a96-96b7-dee1b0e0ed83_593x440.webp" width="593" height="440" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9dvX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60765017-e0de-4a96-96b7-dee1b0e0ed83_593x440.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9dvX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60765017-e0de-4a96-96b7-dee1b0e0ed83_593x440.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9dvX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60765017-e0de-4a96-96b7-dee1b0e0ed83_593x440.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9dvX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60765017-e0de-4a96-96b7-dee1b0e0ed83_593x440.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Mynd &#250;r tilraun &#254;ar sem as&#237;skum og evr&#243;pskum nemendum var s&#253;nd d&#253;nam&#237;sk ne&#240;ansj&#225;varmynd. &#222;egar &#254;eir voru be&#240;nir um a&#240; l&#253;sa myndinni, &#254;&#225; l&#253;stu Evr&#243;pumenn st&#243;ru fiskunum &#237; forgrunni &#237; sm&#225;atri&#240;um &#225; me&#240;an As&#237;ub&#250;ar l&#253;stu frekar hlutum &#237; bakgrunni og tengslum milli hluta. Tilraunin undirstrika&#240;i mun &#225; eins&#246;mum &#254;ankagangi, sem t&#237;&#240;kast &#225; Vesturl&#246;ndum, og heildr&#230;num &#254;ankagangi sem t&#237;&#240;kast utan Vesturlanda, &#254;ar sem er l&#246;g&#240; meiri &#225;hersla &#225; samhengi, tengsl og gagnkv&#230;m &#225;hrif hluta.</figcaption></figure></div><h2><em><strong><span>The WEIRDest People in the World</span></strong></em></h2><p>Henrich &#254;r&#243;a&#240;i svo WEIRD hugmyndina s&#237;&#240;an &#225;fram &#237; umr&#230;dda b&#243;k, &#254;ar sem hann l&#253;sti &#237; sm&#225;atri&#240;um helstu s&#233;rkennum Vesturlandab&#250;a:</p><p><strong><span>Einstaklingssinnu&#240; &lt;&gt; h&#243;phyggja</span></strong><br>WEIRD f&#243;lk er s&#237;&#240;ur tilb&#250;i&#240; a&#240; fylgja h&#243;pnum, hl&#253;&#240;a f&#246;&#240;urlegu yfirvaldi e&#240;a taka hef&#240;bundnum venjum sem heil&#246;gum sannleik. Sl&#237;kt <em><span>frelsandi</span></em> si&#240;fer&#240;i Vesturlandab&#250;a er &#230;&#240;i s&#233;rstakt &#225; heimsv&#237;su, en l&#237;ka uppspretta f&#233;lagslegrar togstreitu &#254;ar sem vestr&#230;nt WEIRD f&#243;lk leggur einnig ofur&#225;herslu &#225; a&#240; almennum reglum s&#233; fylgt &#237; hv&#237;vetna: &#193;hersla er l&#237;ka l&#246;g&#240; &#225; a&#240; reglur eigi a&#240; gilda jafnt um alla &#8212; sem gerir &#254;a&#240; a&#240; verkum a&#240; WEIRD f&#243;lk er til d&#230;mis s&#237;&#240;ur tilb&#250;i&#240; a&#240; veita &#230;ttingjum e&#240;a vinum s&#233;rstaka m&#225;lsme&#240;fer&#240;. &#222;annig a&#240; &#254;r&#225;tt fyrir ofur&#225;herslu &#225; einstaklingshyggju vir&#240;ast Vesturlandab&#250;ar engu a&#240; s&#237;&#240;ur s&#253;na af s&#233;r hjar&#240;heg&#240;un undir &#225;kve&#240;num kringumst&#230;&#240;um.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a></p><p><strong><span>Traust</span></strong><br>Anna&#240; sterkt s&#233;rkenni WEIRD-f&#243;lks er a&#240; &#254;au eru s&#225; h&#243;pur mannkyns sem s&#253;nir hva&#240; mest traust, sanngirni og samstarfsvilja &#237; samskiptum vi&#240; &#243;kunnuga af &#246;llum h&#243;pum mannkyns.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a></p><p><strong><span>Si&#240;fer&#240;i</span></strong><br>WEIRD f&#243;lk metur l&#237;ka &#225;setning f&#243;lks, umfram ska&#240;a, var&#240;andi d&#243;m og alvarleika afbrota og vilja refsa brotum gegn almennum reglum, &#254;&#243;tt &#254;au sj&#225;lf hafi ekki or&#240;i&#240; fyrir ska&#240;a &#8212; oft &#225; eigin kostna&#240;. WEIRD f&#243;lk finnur einnig til sektarkenndar &#237; einr&#250;mi vegna brota gegn eigin samvisku fremur en sk&#246;mm.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a></p><p><strong><span>Samviskusemi</span></strong><br>Ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;ur Henrichs endur&#243;ma jafnframt a&#240; nokkru leyti kenningar f&#233;lagsfr&#230;&#240;ingsins Max Webers um s&#233;rstakt vinnusi&#240;fer&#240;i me&#240;al m&#243;tm&#230;lenda (e. <em><span>protestants</span></em>) &#237; Nor&#240;vestur-Evr&#243;pu &#254;ar sem m&#230;list mekt &#254;olinm&#230;&#240;i og sj&#225;lfsstj&#243;rn &#8212; mun meiri en &#237; samf&#233;l&#246;gum utan Vesturlanda, auk &#254;ess sem &#254;ar er l&#246;g&#240; meiri &#225;hersla &#225; vinnusemi og langt&#237;mamarkmi&#240; en annars sta&#240;ar.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a></p><h2><strong>Eru ekki allir WEIRD?</strong></h2><p>Kannsk&#233; finnst &#254;&#233;r ekkert skr&#237;ti&#240;, e&#240;a <em><span>weird,</span></em> vi&#240; ofangreind s&#233;rkenni og hugsar ef til vill: &#8222;<em><span>Svona er f&#243;lk flest</span></em>&#8220;. Ef svo er, &#254;&#225; eru g&#243;&#240;ar l&#237;kur a&#240; &#254;&#250;, lesandi g&#243;&#240;ur, s&#233;rt sj&#225;lfur <em><span>WEIRD </span></em>&#8212; &#254;v&#237; margt bendir til &#254;ess a&#240; flest f&#243;lk &#237; heiminum hugsi ekki eins og &#254;&#250;. </p><p>En ef &#254;&#250; ert efins og finnst &#233;g hinga&#240; til hafa kasta&#240; fram st&#243;rum fullyr&#240;ingum, &#225;n r&#246;kstu&#240;nings, &#254;&#225; er &#254;a&#240; vel skiljanlegt. N&#230;sti kafli ver&#240;ur &#254;v&#237; helga&#240;ur g&#246;gnum og tilraunum sem Heinrich dr&#243; saman &#237; b&#243;k sinni sem s&#253;na me&#240; sannf&#230;randi h&#230;tti hversu &#243;venjulega Vesturlandab&#250;ar hugsa og haga s&#233;r &#237; samanbur&#240;i vi&#240; a&#240;rar &#254;j&#243;&#240;ir.</p><h2><strong>Ranns&#243;knir</strong></h2><p><strong><span>Hagfr&#230;&#240;ilegir tilraunaleikir</span></strong><br>Til a&#240; m&#230;la mun &#225; s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;i &#243;l&#237;kra h&#243;pa hafa v&#237;sindamenn, &#254;ar &#225; me&#240;al Joseph Henrich, n&#253;tt s&#233;r svokalla&#240;a hagfr&#230;&#240;ilega leiki. Sl&#237;kir leikir eru &#254;ekkt a&#240;fer&#240; &#237; hagfr&#230;&#240;i og eru upprunalega hanna&#240;ir til a&#240; m&#230;la &#254;&#230;tti eins og traust, sanngirni og samvinnu &#225; m&#246;rku&#240;um. &#205; samhengi WEIRD verkefnis Heinrich komu sl&#237;kir leikir a&#240; g&#243;&#240;u gagni vi&#240; a&#240; kortleggja hvernig heg&#240;un og &#225;kvar&#240;anataka m&#243;tast af styrk &#230;ttartengsla. &#205; &#243;vestr&#230;num samf&#233;l&#246;gum, &#254;ar sem &#230;ttartengsl eru sterk og stj&#243;rna f&#233;lagslegum samskiptum, byggist traust og samvinna fyrst og fremst &#225; bl&#243;&#240;b&#246;ndum <strong><span>EN </span></strong>&#205; einstaklingshyggjusinnu&#240;um WEIRD samf&#233;l&#246;gum hins vegar, &#254;ar sem &#230;ttarb&#246;nd eru veik, byggist samf&#233;lagsger&#240;in frekar &#225; a&#240; f&#243;lk geti &#225;tt &#237; hn&#246;kralausum samskiptum vi&#240; &#243;kunnuga.</p><p>Hagfr&#230;&#240;ilegu leikirnir eru &#254;annig hanna&#240;ir til setja &#254;&#225;tttakendur &#237; a&#240;st&#230;&#240;ur &#254;ar sem &#254;eir eiga &#237; nafnlausum samskiptum vi&#240; &#243;kunnuga &#254;ar sem &#230;ttarb&#246;nd eru engin og afhj&#250;pa &#254;annig hvort s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;i &#254;eirra er l&#246;gu&#240; a&#240; samf&#233;lagi bl&#243;&#240;banda e&#240;a samf&#233;lagi &#254;ar sem treysta &#254;arf bl&#225;&#243;kunugu f&#243;lki.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a></p><p><strong><span>&#218;rslitaleikurinn (e. The Ultimatum Game)</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Tilraun:</span></strong> &#205; &#254;essum leik eru tveir &#254;&#225;tttakendur &#254;ar sem einn (bj&#243;&#240;andi) f&#230;r &#225;kve&#240;na upph&#230;&#240; af peningum og &#225; a&#240; bj&#243;&#240;a hinum &#254;&#225;tttakandanum (vi&#240;takanda) hlutdeild. Ef vi&#240;takandinn sam&#254;ykkir tilbo&#240;i&#240;, skiptist upph&#230;&#240;in milli &#254;eirra samkv&#230;mt. Ef vi&#240;takandinn hins vegar hafnar tilbo&#240;inu, f&#225; b&#225;&#240;ir n&#250;ll. &#218;t fr&#225; algj&#246;rlega eigingjarnri s&#233;rhyggju &#230;tti vi&#240;takandinn a&#240; sam&#254;ykkja allar upph&#230;&#240;ir st&#230;rri en n&#250;ll, &#254;ar sem <strong><span>eitthva&#240; </span></strong>er alltaf meira en <strong><span>ekkert</span></strong>. &#218;t fr&#225; sl&#237;kum forsendum &#230;tti &#254;v&#237; eigingjarn bj&#243;&#240;andi a&#240; bj&#243;&#240;a minnstu m&#246;gulegu upph&#230;&#240; hverju sinni.</p></li><li><p><strong><span>Ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;ur:</span></strong> Heg&#240;un &#254;&#225;tttakenda s&#253;ndi sk&#253;ran menningarlegan mun. Einstaklingar fr&#225; Vesturl&#246;ndum bu&#240;u a&#240; jafna&#240;i sanngjarnan hlut &#8212; um 50 pr&#243;sent. En &#254;egar Vesturlandab&#250;ar voru &#237; hlutverki vi&#240;takanda og var bo&#240;i&#240; minna en 30 pr&#243;sent, &#254;&#225; h&#246;fnu&#240;u &#254;eir oftast tilbo&#240;inu og f&#243;rnu&#240;u &#254;ar me&#240; raunverulegum &#225;g&#243;&#240;a.<br>Hj&#225; &#254;&#225;tttakendum &#250;r samf&#233;l&#246;gum utan Vesturlanda var mynstri&#240; hins vegar gj&#246;r&#243;l&#237;kt; &#254;ar voru tilbo&#240;in almennt mun l&#230;gri, og &#254;a&#240; sem mestu skiptir er; a&#240; vi&#240;takendur h&#246;fnu&#240;u n&#225;nast aldrei l&#225;gum tilbo&#240;um.</p></li><li><p><strong><span>T&#250;lkun:</span></strong> &#222;&#243;tt s&#250; heg&#240;un Vesturlandab&#250;a a&#240; hafna &#243;keypis peningum s&#233; t&#230;knilega s&#233;&#240; &#243;r&#246;kr&#233;tt, virkar h&#250;n sem &#8222;<em><strong><span>&#243;eigingj&#246;rn refsing</span></strong></em>&#8220; (e. <em><span>altruistic punishment</span></em>) &#8212; &#254;a&#240; er, s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ileg vi&#240;br&#246;g&#240; sem kn&#253;ja einstaklingshyggjusinna&#240; f&#243;lk til a&#240; refsa &#254;eim sem s&#253;na &#243;sanngirni e&#240;a eru &#8222;<em><span>af&#230;tur</span></em>&#8220; (e. <em><span>free-riders</span></em>) &#225; kerfi &#254;ar sem s&#246;mu reglur eiga a&#240; gilda um alla &#8212; jafnvel &#254;&#243;tt refsingin kosti &#254;au sj&#225;lf.<br>Vesturlandab&#250;ar gera &#254;v&#237; h&#225; tilbo&#240; &#237; upphafi vegna &#254;ess a&#240; &#254;eir gera r&#225;&#240; fyrir a&#240; &#243;kunnugir muni refsa &#254;eim ef &#254;eir s&#253;na gr&#230;&#240;gi. &#222;essi ni&#240;ursta&#240;a er &#225;g&#230;tt l&#237;kan af f&#233;lagslegri einstaklingshyggju Vesturlanda; h&#250;n s&#253;nir a&#240; Vesturlandab&#250;ar hafa &#254;r&#243;ast &#237; umhverfi &#254;ar sem samskipti vi&#240; &#243;kunnuga eru normi&#240;, sem krefst &#254;ess a&#240; f&#243;lk s&#253;ni sanngirni og &#246;rl&#230;ti til a&#240; vernda eigi&#240; or&#240;spor upp &#225; framt&#237;&#240;arsamskipti.</p></li></ul><p><strong><span>Einr&#230;&#240;isleikurinn (e. The Dictator Game)</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Tilraun:</span></strong> &#222;essi leikur breytir reglunum &#254;annig a&#240; m&#246;guleikinn &#225; refsingu er fjarl&#230;g&#240;ur. &#205; einr&#230;&#240;isleiknum &#225;kve&#240;ur bj&#243;&#240;andinn algj&#246;rlega einhli&#240;a hversu miklu hann vill deila me&#240; vi&#240;takanda, en vi&#240;takandinn hefur ekkert um m&#225;li&#240; a&#240; segja og getur ekki hafna&#240; tilbo&#240;inu.</p></li><li><p><strong><span>Ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;ur:</span></strong> Jafnvel &#254;egar h&#230;ttan &#225; h&#246;fnun og refsingu var ekki lengur til sta&#240;ar, h&#233;ldu vestr&#230;nir &#254;&#225;tttakendur &#225;fram a&#240; s&#253;na &#253;kt &#246;rl&#230;ti og bu&#240;u a&#240; me&#240;altali 48 pr&#243;sent af upph&#230;&#240;inni. &#205;b&#250;ar &#250;r samf&#233;l&#246;gum utan Vesturlanda g&#225;fu aftur &#225; m&#243;ti umtalsvert minna (15-25%) og s&#253;ndu &#254;v&#237; almennt mun minni vilja til samvinnu.</p></li><li><p><strong><span>T&#250;lkun:</span></strong> Einr&#230;&#240;isleikurinn s&#253;nir a&#240; &#246;rl&#230;ti WEIRD f&#243;lks gagnvart &#243;kunnugum er dj&#250;pst&#230;&#240;ur hluti af s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;i Vesturlanda, en ekki einungis yfirbor&#240;skennd vi&#240;br&#246;g&#240; vi&#240; yfirvofandi m&#246;guleika &#225; refsingu. </p></li></ul><p>Me&#240;al &#254;ess l&#230;rd&#243;msr&#237;kasta sem kom &#237; lj&#243;s &#237; leikjunum var hvernig &#243;l&#237;kir menningarheimar brug&#240;ust vi&#240; refsingum. Ef Vesturlandab&#250;um er refsa&#240; fyrir &#243;sanngirni lei&#240;r&#233;tta &#254;eir almennt heg&#240;un s&#237;na og s&#253;na meira &#246;rl&#230;ti &#237; n&#230;sta leik, jafnvel &#254;&#243;tt &#254;eir viti a&#240; &#254;eir muni eiga &#237; samskiptum vi&#240; n&#253;ja og nafnlausa &#254;&#225;tttakendur. &#222;&#225;tttakendur &#250;r samf&#233;l&#246;gum utan Vesturlanda eru hins vegar mun l&#237;klegri til a&#240; breg&#240;ast vi&#240; refsingu me&#240; hefnd &#8212; fremur en aukinni samvinnu.</p><p><strong><span>Ben og giftingahringarnir<br></span></strong><span>A&#240; lokum er vert a&#240; nefna uppl&#253;sandi ranns&#243;kn sem Henrich reifa&#240;i &#237; &#8222;</span><em><span>The Weirdest People in the World?</span></em><span>&#8220; &#254;ar sem bandar&#237;skir og indverskir &#254;&#225;tttakendur, b&#230;&#240;i b&#246;rn og fullor&#240;nir, voru be&#240;nir a&#240; meta d&#230;mis&#246;gu um Ben:</span></p><blockquote><p>Ben &#254;arf a&#240; taka lest til a&#240; f&#230;ra besta vini s&#237;num giftingarhringa fyrir yfirvofandi br&#250;&#240;kaup. En Ben lendir &#237; &#254;v&#237; a&#240; t&#253;na veskinu s&#237;nu og r&#225;far &#237; kj&#246;lfari&#240; &#237; &#246;rv&#230;ntingu um g&#243;lf lestarst&#246;&#240;varinnar og spyr &#243;kunnugt f&#243;lk hvort &#254;au vilji l&#225;na honum fyrir farmi&#240;a, en allir neita. Eftir skamma stund kemur Ben auga &#225; eldri mann sem dormar &#225; bekk og s&#233;r a&#240; &#237; vasa mannsins stendur upp &#250;r veski me&#240; farmi&#240;a. Ben s&#233;r a&#240; veski&#240; er feitt af pening og veltir &#254;v&#237; fyrir s&#233;r hvort hann eigi a&#240; taka mi&#240;ann, &#254;ar sem gamli ma&#240;urinn eigi auglj&#243;slega n&#243;g til a&#240; kaupa annan mi&#240;a.</p></blockquote><p>Indverskir &#254;&#225;tttakendur voru meira en helmingi l&#237;klegri til a&#240; segja a&#240; Ben &#230;tti a&#240; taka mi&#240;ann og standa &#254;annig vi&#240; skyldur s&#237;na gagnvart vini, en Bandar&#237;kjamenn voru mun l&#237;klegri til a&#240; fylgja almennum reglum um a&#240; menn eigi ekki a&#240; stela burts&#233;&#240; fr&#225; pers&#243;nulegum skyldum.</p><p>Athyglisvert er a&#240; &#254;essi munur birtist sk&#253;rast hj&#225; b&#246;rnum: bandar&#237;sk b&#246;rn s&#246;g&#240;u a&#240; stuldur v&#230;ri alltaf rangur &#237; sj&#225;lfu s&#233;r &#225; me&#240;an indversk b&#246;rnin litu frekar &#225; &#225;byrg&#240; gagnvart vini sem si&#240;fer&#240;ilega skyldu.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a></p><p>Hagfr&#230;&#240;ilegar leikjatilraunir og sagan af lestarmi&#240;a Bens eru uppl&#253;sandi fyrir &#254;ann s&#233;rvitra karakter sem einkennir Vesturlandab&#250;a &#8212; s&#233;rkennilega s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;i sem s&#253;nir hversu fur&#240;ulegur menningarheimur Vesturlanda er hva&#240; var&#240;ar sj&#225;lfst&#230;&#240;i einstaklingsins, traust, si&#240;fer&#240;ilegt mat, f&#233;lagslega heg&#240;un og samvinnu.</p><p></p><p><strong>Samanbur&#240;aranns&#243;knir<br></strong><span>Vestr&#230;n s&#233;rkenni einskor&#240;ast &#254;&#243; ekki vi&#240; tilraunastofur. Eins og Henrich s&#253;nir fram &#225; &#237; b&#243;k sinni d&#250;kkar sama WEIRD-atferlismynstur upp aftur og aftur &#237; samanbur&#240;arranns&#243;knum &#225; &#243;l&#237;kum menningarsv&#230;&#240;um.</span><br></p><h2><span>Einstaklingshyggja e&#240;a h&#243;phyggja</span></h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AjGp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ce7cba1-5c61-4eaa-83a5-ef39260ce073_1698x926.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AjGp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ce7cba1-5c61-4eaa-83a5-ef39260ce073_1698x926.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AjGp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ce7cba1-5c61-4eaa-83a5-ef39260ce073_1698x926.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AjGp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ce7cba1-5c61-4eaa-83a5-ef39260ce073_1698x926.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AjGp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ce7cba1-5c61-4eaa-83a5-ef39260ce073_1698x926.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AjGp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ce7cba1-5c61-4eaa-83a5-ef39260ce073_1698x926.jpeg" width="1456" height="794" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AjGp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ce7cba1-5c61-4eaa-83a5-ef39260ce073_1698x926.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AjGp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ce7cba1-5c61-4eaa-83a5-ef39260ce073_1698x926.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AjGp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ce7cba1-5c61-4eaa-83a5-ef39260ce073_1698x926.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AjGp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3ce7cba1-5c61-4eaa-83a5-ef39260ce073_1698x926.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Sk&#253;rasta merki&#240; um hvort samf&#233;lag s&#233; WEIRD felst &#237; &#254;v&#237; hvort einstaklingurinn s&#233; skilgreindur sem sj&#225;lfst&#230;&#240;ur gerandi e&#240;a sem hluti af fj&#246;lskyldu, &#230;tt og st&#230;rri h&#243;pi. Kortlagning s&#253;nir a&#240; einstaklingshyggja er sterkust &#237; Bandar&#237;kjunum, &#193;stral&#237;u og Nor&#240;ur- og Vestur-Evr&#243;pu, en h&#243;phyggja sterkari annars sta&#240;ar.</figcaption></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2>Gildi</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ENh6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a09690-2d8c-44fb-afc7-70fbc6f5552f_850x629.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ENh6!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a09690-2d8c-44fb-afc7-70fbc6f5552f_850x629.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ENh6!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a09690-2d8c-44fb-afc7-70fbc6f5552f_850x629.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ENh6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a09690-2d8c-44fb-afc7-70fbc6f5552f_850x629.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ENh6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a09690-2d8c-44fb-afc7-70fbc6f5552f_850x629.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ENh6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a09690-2d8c-44fb-afc7-70fbc6f5552f_850x629.webp" width="850" height="629" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/19a09690-2d8c-44fb-afc7-70fbc6f5552f_850x629.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:629,&quot;width&quot;:850,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:81360,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/webp&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://opinaugu.substack.com/i/207683412?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a09690-2d8c-44fb-afc7-70fbc6f5552f_850x629.webp&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ENh6!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a09690-2d8c-44fb-afc7-70fbc6f5552f_850x629.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ENh6!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a09690-2d8c-44fb-afc7-70fbc6f5552f_850x629.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ENh6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a09690-2d8c-44fb-afc7-70fbc6f5552f_850x629.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ENh6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19a09690-2d8c-44fb-afc7-70fbc6f5552f_850x629.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Inglehart&#8211;Welzel-menningarkorti&#240; s&#253;nir svipa&#240; mynstur fr&#225; &#246;&#240;ru sj&#243;narhorni. &#222;j&#243;&#240;ir Nor&#240;ur-Evr&#243;pu leggja ofur &#225;herslu &#225; sj&#225;lfst&#230;&#240;i og frelsi einstaklingsins til tj&#225;ningar sem og veraldleg gildi, en &#237; m&#246;rgum &#246;&#240;rum samf&#233;l&#246;gum vega hef&#240;ir, &#246;ryggi og l&#237;fsafkoma &#254;yngst &#8212; l&#237;kt og &#237; &#237;sl&#246;mskum r&#237;kjum Afr&#237;ku sem ra&#240;ast &#225; hinn enda kvar&#240;ans.</figcaption></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2>&#222;j&#243;&#240;hverfa (e. Ethnocentrism)</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cnpr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faef8d26e-b539-4980-bc27-1fa26b49a713_1415x845.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cnpr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faef8d26e-b539-4980-bc27-1fa26b49a713_1415x845.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cnpr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faef8d26e-b539-4980-bc27-1fa26b49a713_1415x845.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cnpr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faef8d26e-b539-4980-bc27-1fa26b49a713_1415x845.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cnpr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faef8d26e-b539-4980-bc27-1fa26b49a713_1415x845.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cnpr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faef8d26e-b539-4980-bc27-1fa26b49a713_1415x845.jpeg" width="1415" height="845" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/aef8d26e-b539-4980-bc27-1fa26b49a713_1415x845.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:845,&quot;width&quot;:1415,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:160478,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://opinaugu.substack.com/i/207683412?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faef8d26e-b539-4980-bc27-1fa26b49a713_1415x845.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cnpr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faef8d26e-b539-4980-bc27-1fa26b49a713_1415x845.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cnpr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faef8d26e-b539-4980-bc27-1fa26b49a713_1415x845.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cnpr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faef8d26e-b539-4980-bc27-1fa26b49a713_1415x845.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cnpr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faef8d26e-b539-4980-bc27-1fa26b49a713_1415x845.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">WEIRD-f&#243;lk vir&#240;ist &#254;a&#240; einnig s&#237;&#240;ur &#254;j&#243;&#240;ernissinna&#240; en a&#240;rir h&#243;par &#254;ar sem g&#246;gn s&#253;na sk&#253;rt hvernig &#254;j&#243;&#240;hverfa m&#230;list &#243;venju l&#225;g &#225; me&#240;al Evr&#243;pumanna samanbori&#240; vi&#240; a&#240;ra h&#243;pa og kyn&#254;&#230;tti &#8212; sem stingur &#237; st&#250;f vi&#240; &#237;treka&#240;a umfj&#246;llun um mekt kyn&#254;&#225;ttahatur af h&#225;lfu hv&#237;tra Evr&#243;pumanna.</figcaption></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2>Traust og sams&#230;riskenningar</h2><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2f908c18-22ef-4e58-9e37-2c3c3fac8ee7_1125x1406.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8d1885d0-a843-4b49-9a73-696914492f99_2048x1079.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/384f3982-0a9f-4b0a-b79c-02c1eacb04d0_2000x1176.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;M&#230;lingar &#225; trausti birtist me&#240;al annars &#237; &#254;v&#237; hversu l&#237;klegt f&#243;lk er til a&#240; &#230;tla &#246;&#240;rum illan &#225;setning. V&#230;gi tr&#250;ar &#225; hi&#240; illa auga, leynilegt vald og sams&#230;ri stj&#243;rnvalda getur gefi&#240; v&#237;sbendingu um hversu miki&#240; vantraust er innan samf&#233;laga.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7a507a61-94a3-443e-83a2-01b1dec606dc_1456x474.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><div><hr></div><h2>Si&#240;fer&#240;i: Sekt e&#240;a sk&#246;mm</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1eHU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F484c2111-2298-4158-b027-d18170337432_761x574.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1eHU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F484c2111-2298-4158-b027-d18170337432_761x574.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1eHU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F484c2111-2298-4158-b027-d18170337432_761x574.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1eHU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F484c2111-2298-4158-b027-d18170337432_761x574.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1eHU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F484c2111-2298-4158-b027-d18170337432_761x574.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Samf&#233;l&#246;g eru einnig &#243;l&#237;k hva&#240; var&#240;ar undirr&#243;t si&#240;fer&#240;is. &#205; WEIRD-samf&#233;l&#246;gum er samviska og sektarkennd einstaklingsins a&#240;alatri&#240;i&#240;, en annars sta&#240;ar er &#254;a&#240; sk&#246;mm gagnvart fj&#246;lskyldu og samf&#233;lagi &#8212; og/e&#240;a &#243;tti vi&#240; refsingu &#8212; sem hefur meira v&#230;gi.</figcaption></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2>Kl&#237;kur og spilling</h2><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0548c723-1638-434a-9c62-0d32b1a192e3_1344x710.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1283afe2-7644-438f-a82c-21c2170ddace_1200x630.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;A&#240; lokum s&#253;na m&#230;lingar &#225; spillingu og skj&#243;lst&#230;&#240;ingakerfum (e. clientelism) hversu algeng m&#250;tur eru utan Evr&#243;pu - og a&#240; &#254;a&#240; s&#233; skipst &#225; grei&#240;slum fyrir p&#243;lit&#237;skan stu&#240;ning e&#240;a pers&#243;nulega hollustu innan opinbera geirans. G&#246;gn fr&#225; V-Dem og TI s&#253;na sk&#253;rt a&#240; traust og vilji til a&#240; fylgja almennum reglum er r&#237;kastur &#237; vestr&#230;num samf&#233;l&#246;gum.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6e591b88-4db7-49fa-b965-40f3a4bb9fe5_1456x720.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p></p><h2><strong>Orsakir og Gagnr&#253;ni</strong></h2><p>L&#253;sing Henrichs &#225; &#254;v&#237; <strong><span>hvernig </span></strong>Vesturlandab&#250;ar skera sig s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ilega &#250;r er &#237;tarleg og sannf&#230;randi. En &#254;egar Henrich reynir hins vegar a&#240; sk&#253;ra <strong><span>af hverju</span></strong> &#254;essi s&#233;rsta&#240;a var&#240; til tekur b&#243;kin umdeilda beygju. &#222;ar hafa &#253;msir fr&#230;&#240;imenn tali&#240; Henrich einfalda s&#246;guna um of, f&#230;ra dr&#230;mar s&#246;nnur fyrir ofurhr&#246;&#240;um breytingum &#225; starfsemi heilans, og setja fram sk&#253;ringar sem standast ekki s&#246;gulega sko&#240;un.</p><p>S&#246;gusk&#253;ring Henrichs er &#237; stuttu m&#225;li s&#250; a&#240; breytt fj&#246;lskyldustefna kirkjunnar &#225; mi&#240;&#246;ldum hafi hrundi&#240; af sta&#240; menningarbyltingu sem breytti evr&#243;pskri s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;i og samf&#233;lagsger&#240; til framb&#250;&#240;ar.</p><p>Helstu r&#246;k Henrichs eru &#225; &#254;&#225; lei&#240; a&#240;; me&#240; banni &#225; fr&#230;ndhj&#243;nab&#246;ndum og fj&#246;lkv&#230;nis hafi kirkjunni tekist a&#240; meitla undan sto&#240;um &#230;ttb&#225;lka og st&#243;rfj&#246;lskyldna sem var, samkv&#230;mt Henrichs, fram a&#240; 12. &#246;ld undirsta&#240;a samf&#233;lagsins. Aflei&#240;ingin var&#240; aukin &#225;hersla &#225; einkv&#230;ni og kjarnafj&#246;lskyldumynstur sem gr&#243;f undan &#230;ttarhyggju og kl&#237;kuskap &#8212; sem leiddi til &#254;ess a&#240; Evr&#243;pub&#250;ar &#254;urftu &#237; auknum m&#230;li a&#240; treysta og vinna me&#240; &#243;kunnugum. S&#250; &#254;r&#243;un &#243;l svo af s&#233;r n&#253;st&#225;rlegar og sj&#225;lfst&#230;&#240;ar stofnanir &#225; bor&#240; vi&#240; gildi (e. <em><span>guild</span></em>), klaustur, sj&#225;lfst&#230;&#240; sveitarf&#233;l&#246;g og h&#225;sk&#243;la.</p><p>A&#240; mati Henrichs byltu sl&#237;k samvinnusamb&#246;nd vestr&#230;num &#254;j&#243;&#240;um &#237; &#225;tt a&#240; WEIRD-s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;i, sem einkenndist af aukinni einstaklingshyggju, &#243;hlutdr&#230;gu si&#240;fer&#240;i og greinandi hugsun. &#222;essir eiginleikar ruddu svo brautina fyrir si&#240;askiptin, sem &#225;samt prentv&#233;linni juku l&#230;si sem umbreyttu endanlega skynjun og hugsunarh&#230;tti Evr&#243;pumanna til framb&#250;&#240;ar &#8212; og l&#246;g&#240;u &#254;annig grunn a&#240; i&#240;nbyltingu og s&#237;&#240;ari n&#250;t&#237;mav&#230;&#240;ingu Vesturlanda.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-9" href="#footnote-9" target="_self">9</a></p><p><strong><span>Gagnr&#253;ni</span></strong><span><br>&#222;&#243;tt r&#246;k Henrich fyrir &#254;v&#237; a&#240; vestr&#230;nar &#254;j&#243;&#240;ir s&#233;u s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ilega &#243;venjulegar eru sterk &#254;&#225; er s&#246;gusk&#253;ring hans a&#240; mati margra vanhugsu&#240;. Helsti veikleikinn er t&#237;maramminn. Henrich gerir fj&#246;lskyldustefnu kirkjunnar a&#240; megin&#254;&#230;tti sem olli &#254;eirri &#254;r&#243;un sem leiddi til WEIRD-s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;i, en margt bendir til, og beinl&#237;nis sta&#240;festir, a&#240; fj&#246;lskyldumynstur og hugarfar sem Henrich kennir vi&#240; WEIRD hafi veri&#240; r&#243;tgr&#243;in &#237; Evr&#243;pu l&#246;ngu &#225;&#240;ur &#8212; allt fr&#225; &#246;r&#243;fi &#237;salda. Kirkjan kann a&#240; hafa veikt &#230;ttarb&#246;nd og hra&#240;a&#240; &#254;r&#243;uninni, en hugmyndin um a&#240; kirkjunni hafi tekist a&#240; skapa s&#233;rst&#246;&#240;u Vesturlanda fr&#225; grunni &#225; &#246;rf&#225;um &#225;ratugum er a&#240; mati margra &#243;tr&#250;leg sk&#253;ring.</span></p><p><strong><span>Einkv&#230;ni</span></strong><span><br>Sk&#253;rasta skekkjan &#237; s&#246;gusk&#253;ringu Heinrich er einkv&#230;ni en sagnfr&#230;&#240;ingar eins og Anne E. C. McCants og Walter Scheidel hafa bent &#225; a&#240; hj&#243;naband </span><strong><span>eins karls</span></strong><span> og </span><strong><span>einnar konu</span></strong><span> var &#254;&#225; og &#254;egar undirsta&#240;a gr&#237;sk-r&#243;mversks samf&#233;lags &#225; klass&#237;skri forn&#246;ld, l&#246;ngu fyrir lagasetningu kirkjunnar &#225; mi&#240;&#246;ldum. R&#243;mversk l&#246;g heimilu&#240;u a&#240;eins eitt hj&#243;naband &#237; senn, og gr&#237;skir heimspekingar og r&#243;mverskir st&#243;uspekingar f&#243;ru mikinn &#237; or&#240;r&#230;&#240;u sinni um si&#240;fer&#240;ilega yfirbur&#240;i einkv&#230;na hj&#243;nabanda.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-10" href="#footnote-10" target="_self">10</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-11" href="#footnote-11" target="_self">11</a></p><p>V&#237;sbendingar um &#250;tbrei&#240;slu einkv&#230;nis fyrir 1000 e. Kr. byggjast ekki a&#240;eins &#225; ritu&#240;um heimildum heldur einnig &#225; fornleifum og erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegum g&#246;gnum. Til d&#230;mis ranns&#243;kn &#225; leifum 258 einstaklinga &#250;r s&#237;&#240;-r&#243;mverskum gr&#246;fum &#237; Su&#240;ur-&#222;&#253;skalandi, t&#237;masettar 400&#8211;700 e. Kr., sem s&#253;ndi sk&#253;rt merki um a&#240; &#254;ar hafi veri&#240; samf&#233;lag sem ra&#240;a&#240;ist kringum einkv&#230;nar kjarnafj&#246;lskyldur og for&#240;a&#240;ist bl&#243;&#240;b&#246;nd milli maka.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-12" href="#footnote-12" target="_self">12</a></p><p><span>Var&#240;andi fr&#230;ndhj&#243;nab&#246;nd, &#254;&#225; voru &#254;au vissulega ekki &#243;l&#246;gleg, a.m.k. vi&#240; upphaf mi&#240;alda, og t&#237;&#240;ku&#240;ust vissulega &#225; me&#240;al el&#237;tu (ie. &#246;rl&#237;till minnihluti mannfj&#246;ldans) en &#193;g&#250;st&#237;nus l&#253;sti fr&#230;ndhj&#243;nab&#246;ndum sem f&#225;g&#230;ti samkv&#230;mt r&#237;kjandi venju (l. </span><em><span>raro per mores).</span></em><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-13" href="#footnote-13" target="_self">13</a></p><p>A&#240; &#254;essu s&#246;g&#240;u er lj&#243;st a&#240; kirkjan hafi ekki upp &#225; sitt eind&#230;mi innleitt einkv&#230;ni &#237; Evr&#243;pu. Sumir fr&#230;&#240;imenn telja raunar a&#240; r&#230;tur einkv&#230;nis liggi mun d&#253;pra og n&#225;i jafnvel aftur til samf&#233;lags evr&#243;pskra vei&#240;imanna &#225; &#237;s&#246;ld, &#254;ar sem einkv&#230;ni var l&#237;klegast vistfr&#230;&#240;ileg nau&#240;syn.</p><p><strong><span>Hugarfar og heg&#240;un</span></strong><span><br>&#222;egar sj&#243;num er beint a&#240; undarlegri heg&#240;un og greinandi hugsun Vesturlandab&#250;a sem, samkv&#230;mt Henrich, &#225;tti a&#240; hafa m&#243;tast &#237; kj&#246;lfar tilskipun kirkjunar &#225; mi&#240;&#246;ldum, og n&#225;&#240; fullum &#254;roska sk&#246;mmu eftir si&#240;askipti, &#254;&#225; stingur s&#250; sk&#253;ring &#237; st&#250;f vi&#240; fj&#246;lmarga fyrirbo&#240;a WEIRD-s&#233;rkenna sem vir&#240;ast blossa upp &#237; s&#246;gu vestr&#230;nnar menningar, oft og m&#246;rgu sinnum, l&#246;ngu fyrir mi&#240;aldir.</span></p><p><span>Forngrikkir settu &#225; stofn borgarsamf&#233;l&#246;g fyrir </span>2.500 &#225;rum<span>. </span>Um &#254;etta r&#237;kir v&#237;&#240;t&#230;k fr&#230;&#240;ileg samsta&#240;a. <span>Mannfr&#230;&#240;ingurinn Jean-Pierre Vernant og sagnfr&#230;&#240;ingurinn Josiah Ober hafa svo fjalla&#240; um hvernig &#254;ar &#254;r&#243;u&#240;ust samf&#233;l&#246;g &#254;ar sem borgaraleg sta&#240;a, almenn l&#246;g og opinberar skyldur g&#225;tu vegi&#240; &#254;yngra en &#230;ttartengsl.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-14" href="#footnote-14" target="_self">14</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-15" href="#footnote-15" target="_self">15</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-16" href="#footnote-16" target="_self">16</a></p><p><span>F&#233;lagss&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ingurinn Richard Nisbet og fleiri hafa einnig raki&#240; &#237;tarlega hvernig &#237; Grikklandi til forna ur&#240;u jafnframt til formleg r&#246;kfr&#230;&#240;i, axiomat&#237;sk st&#230;r&#240;fr&#230;&#240;i og kerfisbundin n&#225;tt&#250;rufr&#230;&#240;i &#254;ar sem &#254;eirri </span><em><span>WEIRD</span></em><span> a&#240;fer&#240; var beitt a&#240;greina hugsun manns fr&#225; heimnum og gera hugsun a&#240; vi&#240;fangsefni gagnr&#253;ninnar ranns&#243;knar.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-17" href="#footnote-17" target="_self">17</a></p><p>R&#233;ttars&#246;gufr&#230;&#240;ingarnir Aldo Schiavone og Peter Stein f&#230;ra einnig sannf&#230;randi r&#246;k fyrir &#254;v&#237; hvernig R&#243;mverjar &#254;r&#243;u&#240;u borgaralegt r&#233;ttarkerfi, samt&#246;k og stj&#243;rnm&#225;lastofnanir sem tengdu saman &#243;skylda einstaklinga innan sameiginlegar l&#246;gs&#246;gu. Vissulega voru &#254;etta alls ekki n&#250;t&#237;maleg WEIRD-samf&#233;l&#246;g &#237; fullm&#243;ta&#240;ri mynd &#254;ar sem b&#230;&#240;i gr&#237;sku borgr&#237;kin og R&#243;m voru st&#233;ttskipt og bundin margv&#237;slegum &#230;ttar- og fj&#246;lskylduhagsmunum. Engu a&#240; s&#237;&#240;ur birtist &#254;arna greinilega v&#237;sir a&#240; einstaklingsbundinni &#225;byrg&#240;, einkv&#230;ni, &#243;pers&#243;nulegum l&#246;gum, samvinnu og greinandi hugsun &#8212; m&#246;rgum &#246;ldum &#225;&#240;ur en kirkjan setti l&#246;g um einkv&#230;ni.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-18" href="#footnote-18" target="_self">18</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-19" href="#footnote-19" target="_self">19</a></p><p>Fj&#246;lskyldusaga Nor&#240;vestur-Evr&#243;pu snemma &#225; mi&#240;&#246;ldum vekur l&#237;ka upp svipa&#240;ar spurningar um orsakasamhengi Heinrichs en fr&#230;&#240;imenn eins Alan Macfarlane og Michael Mitterauer hafa s&#253;nt fram &#225; a&#240;; einf&#246;ld heimili, b&#250;seta hj&#243;na fjarri foreldrum, launavinna ungs f&#243;lks utan &#230;skuheimilis og pers&#243;nulegt val &#225; maka hafi veri&#240; r&#225;&#240;andi l&#246;ngu fyrir i&#240;nv&#230;&#240;ingu. V&#237;sir af svokalla&#240;ri Hanjal-l&#237;nu er &#254;v&#237; mun eldri en uppl&#253;sing og i&#240;nbylting.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-20" href="#footnote-20" target="_self">20</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-21" href="#footnote-21" target="_self">21</a></p><p><span>Heimildir ver&#240;a vissulega r&#253;rari eftir &#254;v&#237; sem lengra er fari&#240; aftur og &#254;v&#237; er erfitt a&#240; &#225;kvar&#240;a n&#225;kv&#230;mlega hven&#230;r WEIRD kerfi&#240; var&#240; fyrst til. S&#246;gulegar heimildir sem og erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ileg g&#246;gn s&#253;na &#254;&#243; me&#240; &#243;tv&#237;r&#230;&#240;um h&#230;tti a&#240; kjarnafj&#246;lskyldan var </span><strong><span>ekki</span></strong><span> frumbur&#240;ur i&#240;nbyltingar og a&#240; r&#230;tur hennar liggja &#225; mun eldri grunni en kennisetningar mi&#240;aldarkirkjunnar. Enn fremur sj&#225;um vi&#240; a&#240; einkennilegt hugarfar Vesturlandab&#250;a var sprotti&#240; fram &#254;&#225; og &#254;egar &#237; Grikklandi 700 f.Kr.</span></p><p><span>S&#233; leita&#240; enn lengra aftur </span>&#237; t&#237;mann<span>, 5.000 &gt; 10.000 &#225;r, til vei&#240;imanna og Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna &#254;&#225; hafa fr&#230;&#240;imenn einnig afhj&#250;pa&#240; v&#237;sbendingar um samf&#233;lagsger&#240; sem var skipul&#246;g&#240; kringum gildi og hugarfar sem minnir um margt &#225; WEIRD s&#233;rkenni Heinrichs &#8212; samf&#233;lagsger&#240; &#254;ar sem sj&#225;lfst&#230;&#240;i einstaklingsins og f&#233;lagshyggja voru samofin &#237; samf&#233;l&#246;g sem bygg&#240;ust &#225; gagnkv&#230;mu trausti &#254;ar sem or&#240;spor var d&#253;rm&#230;tasti gjaldmi&#240;ilinn.</span></p><div class="embedded-post-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;id&quot;:205662339,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://opinaugu.substack.com/p/indoevropumenn&quot;,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2063394,&quot;embedding_publication_id&quot;:null,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;Opin Augu&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vigF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16a73982-62db-49bf-98d4-994892480ff0_1280x1280.png&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn&quot;,&quot;truncated_body_text&quot;:&quot;H&#233;r ver&#240;ur reifu&#240; saga Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna og &#254;au v&#237;&#240;t&#230;ku &#225;hrif sem &#254;eir h&#246;f&#240;u &#225; stj&#243;rnarfar Vesturlanda. En &#225;&#240;ur en vi&#240; vindum okkur &#237; efni&#240; er nau&#240;synlegt a&#240; breg&#240;a upp m&#253;flugumynd af &#254;eirri s&#246;gu sem undan f&#243;r:&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-07-07T18:22:29.234Z&quot;,&quot;like_count&quot;:0,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;bylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:178024977,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Opin Augu&quot;,&quot;handle&quot;:&quot;opinaugu&quot;,&quot;previous_name&quot;:&quot;Askur&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e99bcb1e-1bcc-4a3b-bd94-95b4339d361c_1392x1392.png&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;nokkur or&#240; um fj&#246;lmenningu&quot;,&quot;profile_set_up_at&quot;:&quot;2023-10-27T17:49:30.317Z&quot;,&quot;reader_installed_at&quot;:&quot;2024-06-07T07:04:14.709Z&quot;,&quot;publicationUsers&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:2065508,&quot;user_id&quot;:178024977,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2063394,&quot;role&quot;:&quot;admin&quot;,&quot;public&quot;:true,&quot;is_primary&quot;:true,&quot;publication&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:2063394,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Opin Augu&quot;,&quot;subdomain&quot;:&quot;opinaugu&quot;,&quot;custom_domain&quot;:null,&quot;custom_domain_optional&quot;:false,&quot;hero_text&quot;:&quot;Nokkur or&#240; um fj&#246;lmenningu&quot;,&quot;logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/16a73982-62db-49bf-98d4-994892480ff0_1280x1280.png&quot;,&quot;author_id&quot;:178024977,&quot;primary_user_id&quot;:178024977,&quot;theme_var_background_pop&quot;:&quot;#9D6FFF&quot;,&quot;created_at&quot;:&quot;2023-10-27T17:50:11.169Z&quot;,&quot;email_from_name&quot;:&quot;Me&#240; Opnum Augum&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Opin Augu&quot;,&quot;founding_plan_name&quot;:null,&quot;community_enabled&quot;:false,&quot;invite_only&quot;:false,&quot;payments_state&quot;:&quot;disabled&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:null,&quot;explicit&quot;:false,&quot;homepage_type&quot;:&quot;newspaper&quot;,&quot;is_personal_mode&quot;:false,&quot;logo_url_wide&quot;:null}}],&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null,&quot;status&quot;:{&quot;bestsellerTier&quot;:null,&quot;subscriberTier&quot;:null,&quot;leaderboard&quot;:null,&quot;vip&quot;:false,&quot;badge&quot;:null,&quot;subscriber&quot;:null}},{&quot;id&quot;:131609369,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Gottsk&#225;lk&quot;,&quot;handle&quot;:&quot;gottskalk&quot;,&quot;previous_name&quot;:&quot;managarmur&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/23698767-f9a5-477e-9ff8-b0e4afb94d97_991x991.png&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;skip for now&quot;,&quot;profile_set_up_at&quot;:&quot;2023-02-28T13:45:48.094Z&quot;,&quot;reader_installed_at&quot;:&quot;2023-02-28T14:01:22.970Z&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:true,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null,&quot;status&quot;:{&quot;bestsellerTier&quot;:null,&quot;subscriberTier&quot;:null,&quot;leaderboard&quot;:null,&quot;vip&quot;:false,&quot;badge&quot;:null,&quot;subscriber&quot;:null},&quot;primaryPublicationId&quot;:5515485,&quot;primaryPublicationName&quot;:&quot;Gottsk&#225;lk&quot;,&quot;primaryPublicationUrl&quot;:&quot;https://gottskalk.substack.com&quot;,&quot;primaryPublicationSubscribeUrl&quot;:&quot;https://gottskalk.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;}],&quot;utm_campaign&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null}" data-component-name="EmbeddedPostToDOM"><a class="embedded-post" native="true" href="https://opinaugu.substack.com/p/indoevropumenn?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_campaign=post_embed&amp;utm_medium=web"><div class="embedded-post-header"><img class="embedded-post-publication-logo" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vigF!,w_56,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16a73982-62db-49bf-98d4-994892480ff0_1280x1280.png" loading="lazy"><span class="embedded-post-publication-name">Opin Augu</span></div><div class="embedded-post-title-wrapper"><div class="embedded-post-title">Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn</div></div><div class="embedded-post-body">H&#233;r ver&#240;ur reifu&#240; saga Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna og &#254;au v&#237;&#240;t&#230;ku &#225;hrif sem &#254;eir h&#246;f&#240;u &#225; stj&#243;rnarfar Vesturlanda. En &#225;&#240;ur en vi&#240; vindum okkur &#237; efni&#240; er nau&#240;synlegt a&#240; breg&#240;a upp m&#253;flugumynd af &#254;eirri s&#246;gu sem undan f&#243;r&#8230;</div><div class="embedded-post-cta-wrapper"><span class="embedded-post-cta">Read more</span></div><div class="embedded-post-meta">a month ago &#183; Opin Augu and Gottsk&#225;lk</div></a></div><p>Fornleifar og &#246;nnur fors&#246;guleg g&#246;gn eru a&#240; sj&#225;lfs&#246;g&#240;u &#230;ri&#240; t&#250;lkunarkenndari en rita&#240;ar heimildir, l&#246;g og erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ileg g&#246;gn fr&#225; s&#246;gulegum t&#237;ma, en &#254;au benda a&#240; engu a&#240; s&#237;&#240;ur til &#254;ess a&#240; kirkjan hafi byggt fj&#246;lskyldustefnu s&#237;na &#225; fornum si&#240; sem rekur, a.m.k, r&#243;t s&#237;na til Forngrikkja &#8212; si&#240;ar sem var og er fr&#225;brug&#240;inn &#230;ttar- og fr&#230;ndsemiskerfum utan hins vestr&#230;na heims.</p><p><strong><span>Sam&#254;&#230;tting sj&#243;narmi&#240;a</span></strong><br>&#222;a&#240; eru einfaldlega of m&#246;rg d&#230;mi um WEIRD s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;i &#237; forns&#246;gu vesturlanda til a&#240; f&#230;ra n&#230;gar s&#246;nnur fyrir &#254;v&#237; a&#240; &#254;a&#240; hafi veri&#240; si&#240;askipti, auki&#240; l&#230;si, v&#246;xtur marka&#240;a og &#250;tbrei&#240;sla frj&#225;lsra f&#233;lagasamtaka sem hafi skapa&#240; WEIRD-s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;i fr&#225; grunni. &#222;vert &#225; m&#243;ti vir&#240;ast &#254;essi fur&#240;ub&#230;ri hafa n&#225;&#240; f&#243;tfestu einmitt vegna &#254;ess a&#240; samf&#233;l&#246;gin sem t&#243;ku &#254;au upp voru &#254;&#225; og &#254;egar einstaklingsmi&#240;u&#240;, bundin &#243;pers&#243;nulegum reglum og samvinnu utan &#230;ttar. </p><p>Prentv&#233;lin og m&#243;tm&#230;lendatr&#250;in juku &#225;n efa l&#230;si og breyttu hugsunarh&#225;ttum Evr&#243;pumanna, en &#225; sama t&#237;ma er &#254;a&#240; sta&#240;reynd a&#240; s&#246;gulegar <em><span>WEIRD </span></em>senur eins og Endurreisn (fr. <em><span>Renaissance</span></em>) og fyrsta skei&#240; v&#237;sindabyltingarinnar gekk &#237; gar&#240; &#225;&#240;ur en almennt l&#230;si var&#240; a&#240; veruleika. L&#230;si, sj&#225;lfst&#230;&#240; sveitarf&#233;l&#246;g og marka&#240;sv&#230;&#240;ing vir&#240;ist &#254;v&#237; frekar vera aflei&#240;ing fremur en ors&#246;k vestr&#230;nnar s&#233;rst&#246;&#240;u.</p><p>WEIRD kenning Henrichs er &#254;egar &#225; allt er liti&#240; eftirtektarver&#240; greining. Greiningin s&#253;nir sk&#253;rt, og me&#240; &#243;yggjandi h&#230;tti, a&#240; Vesturlandab&#250;ar skera sig sannarlega &#250;r fr&#225; &#246;&#240;rum h&#243;pum mannkyns me&#240; tilliti til einstaklingshyggju, greinandi hugsunarh&#225;tts, trausts og samvinnuf&#253;si vi&#240; &#243;kunnuga. </p><p>Veikari hluti kenningarinnar hins vegar sk&#253;ring hans &#225; hvernig &#254;essi s&#233;rsta&#240;a var&#240; til. S&#246;guleg g&#246;gn benda fremur til &#254;ess a&#240; mi&#240;aldakirkjan og si&#240;askiptin hafi magna&#240; og hra&#240;a&#240; &#254;r&#243;un sem &#225;tti s&#233;r &#254;&#225; og &#254;egar dj&#250;par r&#230;tur &#237; gr&#237;sk-r&#243;mverskum, germ&#246;nskum og ef til vill enn eldri samf&#233;l&#246;gum evr&#243;pskra vei&#240;imanna. L&#253;sing Henrichs &#225; WEIRD-s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;inni stendur &#254;v&#237; sterk &#225; me&#240;an greining hans &#225; uppruna vestr&#230;nnar s&#233;rvisku er vanbur&#240;a.</p><p></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong><span>Umr&#230;&#240;a</span></strong></h2><p>&#205; sj&#225;lfu s&#233;r felst engin s&#233;rst&#246;k n&#253;lunda &#237; ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;u Henrichs, og annara fr&#230;&#240;imanna, um a&#240; Vesturlandab&#250;ar s&#233;u s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ileg fr&#225;vik &#237; hnattr&#230;num samanbur&#240;i. &#222;a&#240; sem hefur breyst er a&#240; vestr&#230;n s&#233;rviska er ekki lengur afmarka&#240; &#225;hugasvi&#240; fr&#230;&#240;imanna. F&#243;lk &#225; vesturl&#246;ndum er &#237; auknum m&#230;li a&#240; vakna til vitundar um a&#240; &#254;au b&#250;a n&#250; &#237; samf&#233;lagi me&#240; f&#243;lki sem launar ekki grei&#240;a, hugsar &#246;&#240;rv&#237;si og heg&#240;ar s&#233;r eftir allt &#246;&#240;rum vi&#240;mi&#240;um. &#222;a&#240; sem var &#225;&#240;ur fur&#240;uleg ni&#240;ursta&#240;a &#250;r s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ilegum samanbur&#240;arranns&#243;knum er n&#250; daglegt brau&#240; f&#243;lks sem b&#253;r &#237; fj&#246;lmenningarsamf&#233;l&#246;gum.</p><p>WEIRD-s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;i Vesturlanda hefur &#230;t&#237;&#240; veri&#240; svo samofinn menningu okkar a&#240; m&#246;nnum hefur ekki &#254;&#243;tt &#225;st&#230;&#240;a til a&#240; greina hana sem s&#233;rstakt fyrirb&#230;ri. N&#250; ver&#240;ur &#254;&#243; &#230; lj&#243;sara a&#240; vestr&#230;n s&#233;rsta&#240;a hefur &#225;tt &#254;&#225;tt &#237; a&#240; skapa samf&#233;l&#246;g sem einkennast af trausti, st&#246;&#240;ugleika, samvinnu og efnahagslegri velmegun. <span>A</span>&#240; m&#237;nu mati er WEIRD-s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;in &#254;&#243; ekki a&#240;eins uppspretta &#225;vinnings heldur einnig helsti veikleiki Vesturlanda: </p><p>Einmitt vegna &#254;ess a&#240; Vesturlandab&#250;ar eru opnir gagnvart &#243;kunnugum, treysta &#243;pers&#243;nulegum stofnunum og tr&#250;a &#225; algild si&#240;fer&#240;ileg vi&#240;mi&#240; ur&#240;u &#254;eir ginnkeyptir fyrir hugmyndum um innflytjendastefnu sem felur &#237; s&#233;r &#250;tskipti og ey&#240;ingu. Samskonar, WEIRD, hugsunarh&#225;ttur kristallast einnig sk&#253;rt &#237; tr&#250; Vesturlandab&#250;a um a&#240; allir geti, me&#240; t&#237;ma, menntun og &#8222;inngildingu&#8220;, tileinka&#240; s&#233;r vestr&#230;n gildi. &#222;arna liggur a&#240; mati h&#246;fundar hinn raunverulegi Akkilesarh&#230;ll Vesturlanda. L&#253;&#240;fr&#230;&#240;ilegar breytingar s&#237;&#240;ustu &#225;ratuga eru &#254;v&#237; ekki slys heldur af einhverju leyti aflei&#240;ing s&#246;mu s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ilegu eiginleika og ger&#240;u Vesturl&#246;nd fars&#230;l.</p><p><strong>Erf&#240;ir e&#240;a umhverfi?</strong><br>&#222;a&#240; dylst engum sem kannast vi&#240; skrif undirrita&#240;s a&#240; &#233;g tel sk&#253;ringu &#225; menningarmun felast a&#240; verulegu leyti &#237; erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegum mismun milli h&#243;pa. &#222;a&#240; er &#237; sj&#225;lfu s&#233;r ekkert r&#243;tt&#230;kt vi&#240; &#254;&#225; afst&#246;&#240;u. Me&#240; tilliti til &#254;r&#243;unarkenningar Darwins, og v&#237;sindagrundvallar n&#250;t&#237;ma l&#237;ffr&#230;&#240;i, &#254;&#225; m&#230;lir einfaldlega heilbrig&#240; skynsemi fyrir um a&#240; flest sem sn&#253;r a&#240; l&#237;ffr&#230;&#240;i mannsins eigi s&#233;r erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegan grunn &#8212; fyrir ne&#240;an h&#225;ls og <strong>ofan</strong>. &#193; s&#237;&#240;ustu &#225;rum hafa svo erf&#240;aranns&#243;knir einnig bent til &#254;ess a&#240; &#254;r&#243;un mannlegra eiginleika hafi veri&#240; b&#230;&#240;i n&#253;leg og hr&#246;&#240;. &#222;ar m&#225; me&#240;al annars nefna ranns&#243;knir &#205;slenskrar erf&#240;agreiningar<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-22" href="#footnote-22" target="_self">22</a> sem og Reich-ranns&#243;knarstofunnar vi&#240; Harvard<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-23" href="#footnote-23" target="_self">23</a> sem benda til n&#253;legs n&#225;tt&#250;ruvals &#225; fj&#246;lm&#246;rgum eiginleikum &#225; s&#237;&#240;ustu &#225;r&#254;&#250;sundum, me&#240;al annars &#254;&#225;ttum sem tengjast menntun, vitr&#230;nni getu og &#253;msum pers&#243;nuleikaeinkennum &#8212; sem flokkast undir WEIRD skilgreiningu Henrichs.</p><p>Jafnvel &#254;&#243;tt &#254;&#250; hafnir erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegum sk&#253;ringum h&#246;fundar &#254;&#225; breytir &#254;a&#240; litlu um ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;una. Ef menning er ni&#240;urrenningur umhverfis&#225;hrifa &#230;ttum vi&#240; a&#240; sj&#225; innflytjendur samlagast vestr&#230;num vi&#240;mi&#240;um &#225; f&#225;einum kynsl&#243;&#240;um. Ef vi&#240; r&#253;num &#237; g&#246;gn &#254;&#225; er ni&#240;ursta&#240;an ekki s&#233;rlega upp&#246;rvandi hva&#240; &#254;a&#240; var&#240;ar. Danskar afbrotat&#246;lur hafa &#237;treka&#240; s&#253;nt a&#240; afbrotat&#237;&#240;ni er ekki a&#240;eins h&#225; me&#240;al fyrstu kynsl&#243;&#240;ar innflytjenda fr&#225; Mi&#240;austurl&#246;ndum heldur <strong>enn <span>h&#230;rri </span></strong>me&#240;al annarrar kynsl&#243;&#240;ar.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-24" href="#footnote-24" target="_self">24</a> Ranns&#243;knir Algan og Cahuc benda &#237; s&#246;mu &#225;tt og s&#253;na a&#240; vantraust og &#243;vestr&#230;n gildi flytjist milli kynsl&#243;&#240;a innflytjenda og haldist n&#230;r &#243;breytt &#237; margar kynsl&#243;&#240;ir eftir b&#250;ferlaflutninga.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-25" href="#footnote-25" target="_self">25</a> Hvort menn vilja sk&#253;ra sl&#237;ka menningarlega fasta me&#240; erf&#240;um e&#240;a menningu er &#237; sj&#225;lfu s&#233;r aukaatri&#240;i. Ni&#240;ursta&#240;an er s&#250; sama: &#254;&#230;r s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ilegu forsendur sem gera WEIRD-samf&#233;l&#246;g m&#246;guleg vir&#240;ast hvorki flytjast yfir me&#240; farteski n&#233; ver&#240;a til me&#240; inngildingu.</p><p>Spurningin sem stj&#243;rnv&#246;ld hef&#240;u &#225;tt a&#240; spyrja sig fr&#225; upphafi fl&#243;ttamannavandans er &#254;essi: ef Vesturlandab&#250;ar eru &#237; raun s&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ileg undantekning, hvers vegna &#230;ttum vi&#240; &#254;&#225; a&#240; gera r&#225;&#240; fyrir a&#240; &#254;essi s&#233;rsta&#240;a s&#233; au&#240;veldlega yfirf&#230;ranleg &#225; samf&#233;l&#246;g sem hafa &#254;r&#243;ast vi&#240; allt a&#240;rar a&#240;st&#230;&#240;ur? &#193;n sannf&#230;randi svars vi&#240; &#254;eirri spurningu ver&#240;ur inngildingarstefna stj&#243;rnvalda fyrst og fremst von um a&#240; veruleikinn a&#240;lagi sig a&#240; hugmyndafr&#230;&#240;inni, en ekki &#246;fugt.</p><p></p><h2><strong><span>Fj&#246;lmenning / </span>Hermun</strong></h2><p>A&#240; lokum kemur h&#233;r hermun sem er bygg&#240; &#225; ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;um &#250;r hagfr&#230;&#240;ilegum leikjatilraunum Heidrichs. &#205; hermuninni sveima, misst&#243;rir, rau&#240;ir og hv&#237;tir punktar um sama kerfi. Allir punktar s&#230;kjast eftir jafnv&#230;gi <strong><span>en </span></strong>&#254;eir fylgja mismunandi reglum:</p><p><span>&#9898;</span><strong><span>Hv&#237;tir punktar leita a&#240; jafnv&#230;gi me&#240; a&#240; jafna st&#230;r&#240; </span></strong><em><strong><span>allra </span></strong></em><strong><span>punkta.</span></strong> &#222;egar hv&#237;tur punktur skarast vi&#240; minni punkti, &#243;h&#225;&#240; lit, gefur hann honum hluta af s&#233;r til hins punktsins.</p><p><span>&#128308;</span><strong><span>Rau&#240;ir punktar jafna einnig st&#230;r&#240; s&#237;n &#225; milli NEMA</span></strong> &#254;egar rau&#240;ur punktur skarast hv&#237;tum punkti tekur hann alltaf hluta af honum &#8212; &#243;h&#225;&#240; &#254;v&#237; hvor &#254;eirra er st&#230;rri.</p><p>Ef punktar n&#225; &#225;kve&#240;inni st&#230;r&#240; geta &#254;eir skipt s&#233;r og fj&#246;lga&#240; s&#233;r &#8212; eins og frumur. Hermunin s&#253;nir hva&#240; gerist &#254;egar mismunandi gildi takast &#225; innan sama kerfis.</p><div class="native-video-embed" data-component-name="VideoPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;d24096c4-58db-4670-ab95-81291732d00a&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:null}"></div><p><strong><span>Lokaor&#240;</span></strong><span><br>L&#230;kkandi f&#230;&#240;ingart&#237;&#240;ni og stj&#243;rnleysi &#237; &#250;tlendingam&#225;lum hafa n&#250; &#254;r&#253;st evr&#243;pskum &#254;j&#243;&#240;um &#225; ystu &#254;r&#246;m ey&#240;ingar og vestr&#230;nar hugsj&#243;nir um einstaklingsfrelsi, jafnr&#230;&#240;i og samvinnu munu br&#225;tt hverfa &#237; fyrndina ef ekkert ver&#240;ur a&#240; gert.</span></p><p><span>&#222;r&#243;unin ver&#240;ur hvorki st&#246;&#240;vu&#240; n&#233; ekki sn&#250;i&#240; vi&#240; fyrr en Evr&#243;pumenn &#225;tta sig loks &#225; a&#240; vestr&#230;nt si&#240;fr&#230;&#240;i sem er einstakt, erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegt og krefst vandlegrar stj&#243;rnunar &#237; hnattv&#230;ddum heimi.</span></p><p><span>G.<br>Kj&#243;sars&#253;sla, 2026</span><br></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>John Hajnal, &#8222;European Marriage Patterns in Perspective,&#8220; &#237; <em>Population in History: Essays in Historical Demography</em>, ritstj. D. V. Glass og D. E. C. Eversley (London: Edward Arnold, 1965), 101&#8211;143.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Joseph Henrich, Steven J. Heine og Ara Norenzayan, &#8222;The Weirdest People in the World?,&#8220; <em>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</em> 33, nr. 2&#8211;3 (2010): 61&#8211;83.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Joseph Henrich, <em>The WEIRDest People in the World</em>, 1. kafli, &#8222;WEIRD Psychology,&#8220; bls. 17, 19, 43 og 48.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Joseph Henrich, <em>The WEIRDest People in the World</em>, 1. kafli, &#8222;WEIRD Psychology&#8220; &#8212; inngangur, &#8222;Trusting Strangers&#8220; tafla 1.1.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Joseph Henrich, <em>The WEIRDest People in the World</em>, 1. kafli, &#8222;Guilt-Ridden but Shameless,&#8220; 14&#8211;15 og 33&#8211;38; 1. kafli, &#8222;Obsessed with Intentions,&#8220; 51&#8211;55; og 6. kafli, &#8222;Impersonal Punishment and Revenge,&#8220; 149&#8211;150.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Joseph Henrich, <em>The WEIRDest People in the World</em>, form&#225;li, &#8222;The Histories of Religions, Biologies, and Psychologies&#8220;; 1. kafli, &#8222;Marshmallows Come to Those Who Wait&#8220;; og 12. kafli, &#8222;Sacred Work, Forbidden Sex, and Suicide.&#8220;</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Joseph Henrich, <em>The WEIRDest People in the World</em>, 4. kafli, &#8222;The Gods Are Watching. Behave!&#8220;; 9. kafli, &#8222;Of Commerce and Cooperation,&#8220; inngangur: &#8222;Market Integration and Impersonal Prosociality.&#8220;</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Joan G. Miller og David M. Bersoff, &#8222;Culture and Moral Judgment: How Are Conflicts Between Justice and Interpersonal Responsibilities Resolved?,&#8220; <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</em> 62, nr. 4 (1992): 541&#8211;554.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-9" href="#footnote-anchor-9" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">9</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Joseph Henrich, <em>The WEIRDest People in the World</em>, 13. kafli, &#8222;Escape Velocity&#8220;; og 14. kafli, &#8222;The Dark Matter of History,&#8220; inngangur og mynd 14.1</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-10" href="#footnote-anchor-10" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">10</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Anne E. C. McCants, &#8220;Who Is He Calling WEIRD?&#8221; <em>Journal of Interdisciplinary History</em> 52, no. 2 (2021): 251&#8211;261</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-11" href="#footnote-anchor-11" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">11</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Walter Scheidel, &#8220;A Peculiar Institution? Greco-Roman Monogamy in Global Context,&#8221; <em>The History of the Family</em> 14, no. 3 (2009): 280&#8211;291.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-12" href="#footnote-anchor-12" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">12</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Jens Bl&#246;cher o.fl., &#8222;Demography and Life Histories across the Roman Frontier in Germany, 400&#8211;700 CE,&#8220; <em>Nature</em> 654 (2026): 984&#8211;993.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-13" href="#footnote-anchor-13" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">13</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#193;g&#250;st&#237;nus, <em>The City of God</em>, &#254;&#253;&#240;. Henry Bettenson (London: Penguin Books, 2003).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-14" href="#footnote-anchor-14" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">14</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Encyclopaedia Britannica, &#8222;Government: Greece,&#8220; s&#237;&#240;ast uppf&#230;rt 2026, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/government/Greece">https://www.britannica.com/topic/government/Greece</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-15" href="#footnote-anchor-15" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">15</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Jean-Pierre Vernant, <em>The Origins of Greek Thought</em> (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1982).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-16" href="#footnote-anchor-16" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">16</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Josiah Ober, <em>Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens: Rhetoric, Ideology, and the Power of the People</em> (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-17" href="#footnote-anchor-17" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">17</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Richard E. Nisbett, Kaiping Peng, Incheol Choi og Ara Norenzayan, &#8222;Culture and Systems of Thought: Holistic versus Analytic Cognition,&#8220; <em>Psychological Review</em> 108, nr. 2 (2001): 291&#8211;310.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-18" href="#footnote-anchor-18" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">18</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Aldo Schiavone, <em>The Invention of Law in the West</em>, &#254;&#253;&#240;. Jeremy Carden og Antony Shugaar (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-19" href="#footnote-anchor-19" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">19</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Peter Stein, <em>Roman Law in European History</em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-20" href="#footnote-anchor-20" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">20</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Alan Macfarlane, <em>The Origins of English Individualism: The Family, Property, and Social Transition</em> (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1978).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-21" href="#footnote-anchor-21" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">21</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Michael Mitterauer, <em>Why Europe? The Medieval Origins of Its Special Path</em>, 2.&#8211;3. kafli (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-22" href="#footnote-anchor-22" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">22</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Augustine Kong o.fl., &#8222;Selection against Variants in the Genome Associated with Educational Attainment,&#8220; <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em> 114, nr. 5 (2017): E727&#8211;E732.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-23" href="#footnote-anchor-23" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">23</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Ali Akbari o.fl., &#8222;Ancient DNA Reveals Pervasive Directional Selection across West Eurasia,&#8220; <em>Nature</em> 654 (2026): 419&#8211;428.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-24" href="#footnote-anchor-24" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">24</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Danska Hagstofan<span>, &#8222;Innflytjendur fr&#225; MENAPT mun l&#237;klegri til a&#240; fremja gl&#230;pi,&#8220; </span><em><a href="https://vb.is/skodun/innflytjendur-fra-menapt-mun-liklegri-til-ad-fremja-glaepi/">Vi&#240;skiptabla&#240;i&#240;</a></em><span>, 28. febr&#250;ar 2024</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-25" href="#footnote-anchor-25" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">25</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Yann Algan og Pierre Cahuc, &#8222;Inherited Trust and Growth,&#8220; <em>American Economic Review</em> 100, nr. 5 (2010): 2060&#8211;2092.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Indóevrópumenn]]></title><description><![CDATA[Sj&#225;lfst&#230;tt f&#243;lk]]></description><link>https://www.opinaugu.is/p/indoevropumenn</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.opinaugu.is/p/indoevropumenn</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Opin Augu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 07 Jul 2026 18:22:29 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8066201d-1a61-4280-b1fb-e1a8973fda75_1916x821.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>H&#233;r ver&#240;ur reifu&#240; saga Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna og &#254;au v&#237;&#240;t&#230;ku &#225;hrif sem &#254;eir h&#246;f&#240;u &#225; stj&#243;rnarfar Vesturlanda. En &#225;&#240;ur en vi&#240; vindum okkur &#237; efni&#240; er nau&#240;synlegt a&#240; breg&#240;a upp m&#253;flugumynd af &#254;eirri s&#246;gu sem undan f&#243;r:</p><p><strong><span>Bakgrunnur<br></span></strong><span>&#205; fyrri grein rakti &#233;g &#237; l&#246;ngu m&#225;li &#254;&#225; s&#246;gu sem liggur a&#240; baki Evr&#243;pu n&#250;t&#237;mans: hvernig erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ingar hafa afhj&#250;pa&#240; s&#246;gu um hvernig f&#225;mennur h&#243;pur </span><em><span>Homo sapiens</span></em><span> nam land &#237; Evr&#243;pu fyrir fimmt&#237;u &#254;&#250;sund &#225;rum, blanda&#240;ist </span><em><span>Neanderdalsm&#246;nnum </span></em><span>og a&#240;laga&#240;ist h&#246;r&#240;um heimi grimmlyndis &#225; &#237;s&#246;ld. Greinin fjalla&#240;i um hvernig upp &#250;r &#254;essu landn&#225;mi spruttu menningarheimar eins og Aurignac og Gravettian &#254;ar sem vi&#240; sj&#225;um v&#237;sbendingu um ford&#230;malausann </span><strong><span>miklahvell </span></strong><span>&#237; hugsun sem framkalla&#240;i &#243;tr&#250;lega n&#253;sk&#246;pun &#237; t&#230;kni og t&#225;knr&#230;nni menningu.</span></p><h5>Greinin &#237; heild sinni:</h5><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;66696aef-ae39-4348-8c6a-95a4a897a1c7&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;H&#233;r ver&#240;ur stikla&#240; &#225; st&#243;ru um uppruna Evr&#243;pub&#250;a. Tilgangurinn me&#240; svo v&#237;&#240;fe&#240;mri yfirfer&#240; er a&#240; sporna vi&#240; &#254;eirri tilhneigingu fr&#230;&#240;imanna a&#240; l&#237;ta &#225; s&#246;gu Evr&#243;pu sem t&#237;mabil sem h&#243;fst um 1000 f. Kr. &#8212; &#254;ar sem okkur er kennt a&#240; saga Evr&#243;pu hafi byrja&#240; me&#240; gull&#246;ld Grikklands og risi R&#243;maveldis. R&#237;kjandi s&#246;gusko&#240;un afskrifar &#254;annig t&#237;mann 1000 f. Kr. sem t&#237;ma&#8230;&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;lg&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Uppruni Evr&#243;pumanna&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-05-28T16:50:30.033Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7223859a-0b46-4c67-9de6-c872d424ec72_1302x693.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://opinaugu.substack.com/p/uppruni-evropumanna&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:null,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:198534967,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:0,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:2063394,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;Opin Augu&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vigF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16a73982-62db-49bf-98d4-994892480ff0_1280x1280.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p><span>Til a&#240; gera langa s&#246;gu stutta &#254;&#225; &#250;tlista&#240;i greinin hvernig fyrir 15 &#254;&#250;sund &#225;rum, vi&#240; losun &#237;saldarj&#246;kuls, fj&#243;rir meginh&#243;par vei&#240;imanna ur&#240;u til sem settu svip sinn &#225; &#225;lfuna:</span></p><ol><li><p><span>Vestr&#230;nir vei&#240;imenn og safnarar &#237; Vestur-Evr&#243;pu (</span><strong><span>WHG</span></strong><span>)</span></p></li><li><p><span>Austr&#230;nir vei&#240;imenn og safnarar &#225; sl&#233;ttum Austur-Evr&#243;pu (</span><strong><span>EHG</span></strong><span>)</span></p></li><li><p><span>Anat&#243;l&#237;skir vei&#240;imenn og safnarar &#237; su&#240;ri (</span><strong><span>AHG</span></strong><span>)</span></p></li><li><p><span>K&#225;kasus vei&#240;imenn og safnarar &#237; su&#240;austri (</span><strong><span>CHG)</span></strong></p></li></ol><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YfDR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb89855eb-9aa2-45a1-949f-d6c82efce7fb_1633x963.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YfDR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb89855eb-9aa2-45a1-949f-d6c82efce7fb_1633x963.jpeg 424w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YfDR!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb89855eb-9aa2-45a1-949f-d6c82efce7fb_1633x963.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YfDR!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb89855eb-9aa2-45a1-949f-d6c82efce7fb_1633x963.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YfDR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb89855eb-9aa2-45a1-949f-d6c82efce7fb_1633x963.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YfDR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb89855eb-9aa2-45a1-949f-d6c82efce7fb_1633x963.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>&#205; greininni lag&#240;i &#233;g &#225;herslu &#225; a&#240; draga fram ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;ur ranns&#243;kna fr&#230;&#240;imanna sem s&#253;na hvernig Evr&#243;pumenn m&#243;tu&#240;ust af vistkerfi &#254;ar sem l&#237;fsafkoman bygg&#240;ist ekki a&#240;eins &#225; vei&#240;i og t&#230;knikunn&#225;ttu, heldur einnig &#225; trausti milli h&#243;pa, gagnkv&#230;mni &#237; vi&#240;skiptum, or&#240;spori, einkv&#230;ni og v&#237;&#240;fe&#240;mum tengslanetum.</span></p><p><span>Greinin l&#253;sti hvernig &#225; &#254;essum t&#237;ma &#254;r&#243;u&#240;ust kerfi &#237; Evr&#243;pu sem eru fyrir margra hluta sakir einst&#246;k &#237; s&#246;gu mannkyns. F&#233;lagsleg kerfi sem ger&#240;i m&#246;nnum kleift a&#240; skiptast &#225; v&#246;rum, for&#240;ast einangrun, mynda bandal&#246;g og finna s&#233;r maka utan &#230;ttar &#237; harkarlegu vistkerfi &#8212; og f&#230;r&#240; voru r&#246;k fyrir &#254;v&#237; a&#240; &#254;ar hafi or&#240;i&#240; til s&#225; f&#233;lagslegi grunnur sem s&#237;&#240;ar var&#240; undirsta&#240;an a&#240; f&#233;lagsskipan evr&#243;pskra &#254;j&#243;&#240;a.</span></p><p><span>Greinin fjalla&#240;i einnig um hvernig n&#253;steinaldarbyltingin breiddist &#250;t fr&#225; Mi&#240;austurl&#246;ndum um 9.500 f. Kr. og hvernig vei&#240;imenn &#237; Anat&#243;l&#237;u t&#243;ku upp landb&#250;na&#240; og f&#230;r&#240;u sig nor&#240;ur inn &#237; Evr&#243;pu &#237; leit a&#240; n&#253;ju r&#230;ktarlandi svo &#250;r var&#240; n&#253; Evr&#243;pa, samsett af h&#243;pi vei&#240;imanna og b&#230;nda.</span></p><p><span>&#222;egar h&#233;r er komi&#240; vi&#240; s&#246;gu, um 5.000 f. Kr., virtist Evr&#243;pa stefna a&#240; ver&#240;a kyrrl&#225;tt b&#230;ndasamf&#233;lag, en anna&#240; &#225;tti eftir a&#240; koma &#225; daginn. D&#246;kkir sk&#253;jabakkar voru a&#240; hrannast upp &#237; austri, &#254;ar sem h&#243;par austr&#230;nna vei&#240;imanna og K&#225;kasus vei&#240;imanna (EHG og CHG) voru farnir a&#240; renna saman. &#222;ar f&#243;r a&#240; myndast grunnur a&#240; hinni voldugu Yamnaya-menningu sem sk&#243;p s&#246;gu svokalla&#240;ra Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna.<br>Saga sem ver&#240;ur rakin h&#233;r og n&#250;.</span></p><h1 style="text-align: center;"><strong><span>Yamnaya-byltingin:<br>Endurheimt Evr&#243;pu</span></strong></h1><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MNDH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cfaa0e9-ea44-4343-95b1-fa16c7d0b6b8_1200x639.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MNDH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cfaa0e9-ea44-4343-95b1-fa16c7d0b6b8_1200x639.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MNDH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cfaa0e9-ea44-4343-95b1-fa16c7d0b6b8_1200x639.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MNDH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cfaa0e9-ea44-4343-95b1-fa16c7d0b6b8_1200x639.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MNDH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cfaa0e9-ea44-4343-95b1-fa16c7d0b6b8_1200x639.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MNDH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cfaa0e9-ea44-4343-95b1-fa16c7d0b6b8_1200x639.jpeg" width="1200" height="639" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MNDH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cfaa0e9-ea44-4343-95b1-fa16c7d0b6b8_1200x639.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MNDH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cfaa0e9-ea44-4343-95b1-fa16c7d0b6b8_1200x639.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MNDH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cfaa0e9-ea44-4343-95b1-fa16c7d0b6b8_1200x639.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MNDH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3cfaa0e9-ea44-4343-95b1-fa16c7d0b6b8_1200x639.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Yamnaya-menningin var&#240; til &#254;egar tveir heimar m&#230;ttust &#237; d&#246;lum Dn&#237;per og Don um 5000 f. Kr.&#8212;&#254;ar sem n&#250; er &#218;kra&#237;na og su&#240;urhluti R&#250;sslands. Austr&#230;nir vei&#240;imenn (EHG), s&#243;ttu su&#240;ur, og K&#225;kasus-vei&#240;imenn (CHG) h&#233;ldu til nor&#240;urs og m&#230;ttust &#225; mi&#240;ri lei&#240;. &#193; me&#240;an K&#225;kasus-vei&#240;imennirnir voru afkomendur vei&#240;imanna sem h&#246;f&#240;u &#254;rauka&#240; j&#246;kulh&#225;mark &#237;saldar &#237; skj&#243;li fjallgar&#240;a K&#225;kasus, dr&#243;gu austr&#230;nir vei&#240;imenn fram l&#237;fi&#240; &#225; v&#237;&#240;fe&#240;mum &#246;r&#230;fum Evras&#237;u &#237; nor&#240;l&#230;gu loftslagi.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> Arfur austr&#230;nna vei&#240;imanna er &#254;annig skyldur vestr&#230;num vei&#240;im&#246;nnunum; arfleif&#240; seiglu, li&#240;sheildar og samheldni sem haf&#240;i sl&#237;past &#237; &#225;r&#254;&#250;sundir og gert &#254;eim kleift a&#240; lifa af &#243;mildi nor&#240;ursins.</span></p><p><strong><span>Afur&#240;abyltingin<br></span></strong><span>Fyrir um 5000 &#225;rum f. Kr. dr&#243;gu austr&#230;nir vei&#240;imenn fram l&#237;fi&#240; me&#240; a&#240; smala st&#243;rd&#253;rum &#225; ja&#240;ri Svartahafssl&#233;ttunnar en n&#253;ttu d&#253;rin &#254;&#243; einungis til matar. &#193; sama t&#237;ma byrju&#240;u fjallab&#250;ar &#237; K&#225;kasus a&#240; &#254;r&#243;a me&#240; s&#233;r b&#250;fj&#225;rr&#230;kt og &#254;reifa fyrir s&#233;r &#237; m&#225;lmvinnslu. &#222;egar grunnurinn a&#240; Yamnaya menningu t&#243;k a&#240; myndast og austr&#230;nir vei&#240;imenn runnu saman vi&#240; fjallab&#250;a &#250;r K&#225;kasus kvikna&#240;i &#254;a&#240; sem fr&#230;&#240;imenn kalla &#8222;afur&#240;abyltingin&#8220; (e. Secondary Products Revolution).</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a></p><p><span>&#205; sta&#240; &#254;ess a&#240; treysta &#225; hef&#240;bundna akuryrkju f&#243;ru Yamnaya menn a&#240; n&#253;ta hjar&#240;ir s&#237;nar &#225; sj&#225;lfb&#230;rari h&#225;tt me&#240; &#254;v&#237; a&#240; mj&#243;lka d&#253;rin og r&#253;ja af &#254;eim ull, auk &#254;ess a&#240; nota d&#253;rin sem vinnuafl. &#222;etta veitti Yamnaya m&#246;nnum forskot &#225; n&#225;granna s&#237;na &#254;ar sem &#254;eim t&#243;kst a&#240; uppskera st&#246;&#240;uglegan akur af pr&#243;t&#237;nr&#237;kri n&#230;ringu og efni &#237; kl&#230;&#240;na&#240; &#225;n &#254;ess a&#240; f&#230;kka &#237; hj&#246;r&#240;inni.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a><span> Afur&#240;abyltingin ger&#240;i Yamnaya menningunni &#254;annig kleift a&#240; vaxa hratt og f&#230;ra &#250;t kv&#237;arnar vi&#240; krefjandi a&#240;st&#230;&#240;ur.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M0x!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bd22f5d-f972-4b34-9085-1c043c4b06cf_1170x726.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M0x!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bd22f5d-f972-4b34-9085-1c043c4b06cf_1170x726.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M0x!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bd22f5d-f972-4b34-9085-1c043c4b06cf_1170x726.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M0x!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bd22f5d-f972-4b34-9085-1c043c4b06cf_1170x726.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M0x!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bd22f5d-f972-4b34-9085-1c043c4b06cf_1170x726.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M0x!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bd22f5d-f972-4b34-9085-1c043c4b06cf_1170x726.jpeg" width="1170" height="726" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6bd22f5d-f972-4b34-9085-1c043c4b06cf_1170x726.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:726,&quot;width&quot;:1170,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:216970,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://opinaugu.substack.com/i/205662339?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bd22f5d-f972-4b34-9085-1c043c4b06cf_1170x726.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M0x!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bd22f5d-f972-4b34-9085-1c043c4b06cf_1170x726.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M0x!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bd22f5d-f972-4b34-9085-1c043c4b06cf_1170x726.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M0x!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bd22f5d-f972-4b34-9085-1c043c4b06cf_1170x726.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_M0x!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bd22f5d-f972-4b34-9085-1c043c4b06cf_1170x726.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong><span>Hj&#243;li&#240; og vagninn <br></span></strong><span>&#214;rlagar&#237;kasta t&#230;knist&#246;kki&#240; var&#240; svo &#254;egar b&#250;fj&#225;rr&#230;kt m&#230;tti einni merkustu uppfinningu mannkynss&#246;gunnar: hj&#243;linu og &#246;xlinum. &#205; tug&#254;&#250;sundir &#225;ra h&#246;f&#240;u v&#237;&#240;&#225;ttur Evras&#237;u veri&#240; &#243;byggileg au&#240;n &#254;ar sem miklar &#246;fgar r&#237;ktu &#237; hita og kulda. Vatn var af skornum skammti og l&#237;fverur f&#225;ar fyrir utan har&#240;ger&#240; d&#253;r, eins og villihesta, &#225; beit. Me&#240; tilkomu vagna, sem dregnir voru af nautgripum og hla&#240;nir vistum, t&#243;kst Yamnaya-m&#246;nnum a&#240; beisla &#246;r&#230;fi Svartahafs. Vagnarnir virku&#240;u eins og skip ey&#240;imerkurinnar; f&#230;ranleg h&#253;b&#253;li sem ger&#240;u m&#246;nnum kleift a&#240; flytja vatn, vistir og skj&#243;l yfir g&#237;furlegar vegalengdir.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a><span> Hjar&#240;ir Yamnaya manna umbreyttu &#254;annig gresjum sl&#233;ttunnar &#237; pr&#243;t&#237;nr&#237;ka n&#230;ringu, t&#230;ki, fatna&#240;&#8212;og &#225; tilt&#246;lulega sk&#246;mmum t&#237;ma var&#240; sl&#233;ttan a&#240; vettvangi fyrir n&#253;ja og kraftmikla menningu &#225; fer&#240; og flugi.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0qjy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb32a6f8d-fb34-4755-b4bd-6d061fb29b23_1199x675.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0qjy!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb32a6f8d-fb34-4755-b4bd-6d061fb29b23_1199x675.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0qjy!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb32a6f8d-fb34-4755-b4bd-6d061fb29b23_1199x675.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0qjy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb32a6f8d-fb34-4755-b4bd-6d061fb29b23_1199x675.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0qjy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb32a6f8d-fb34-4755-b4bd-6d061fb29b23_1199x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0qjy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb32a6f8d-fb34-4755-b4bd-6d061fb29b23_1199x675.jpeg" width="1199" height="675" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b32a6f8d-fb34-4755-b4bd-6d061fb29b23_1199x675.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:675,&quot;width&quot;:1199,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:181804,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://opinaugu.substack.com/i/205662339?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb32a6f8d-fb34-4755-b4bd-6d061fb29b23_1199x675.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0qjy!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb32a6f8d-fb34-4755-b4bd-6d061fb29b23_1199x675.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0qjy!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb32a6f8d-fb34-4755-b4bd-6d061fb29b23_1199x675.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0qjy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb32a6f8d-fb34-4755-b4bd-6d061fb29b23_1199x675.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0qjy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb32a6f8d-fb34-4755-b4bd-6d061fb29b23_1199x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>L&#237;fsh&#230;ttir Yamnaya manna gerbreyttust &#254;egar &#254;eir f&#243;ru a&#240; r&#237;&#240;a hestum, sem &#225;&#240;ur h&#246;f&#240;u reika&#240; villtir um sl&#233;tturnar. Hestbak veitti &#254;eim hra&#240;a og herna&#240;arlegt forskot, sem ger&#240;i &#254;eim kleift a&#240; gerast hersk&#225; &#250;t&#254;enslu&#254;j&#243;&#240;.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a></p><p><span>&#193;&#240;ur en Yamnaya menn h&#233;ldu &#237; vestur&#225;tt gengu &#254;eir &#237; gegnum b&#230;&#240;i t&#230;knilega og l&#237;ffr&#230;&#240;ilega byltingu. N&#253;st&#225;rlegt matar&#230;&#240;i, sem einkenndist af unnum mj&#243;lkurv&#246;rum veitti &#254;eim forskot &#237; l&#237;fsafkomu og fornleifaranns&#243;knir benda til &#254;ess a&#240; n&#225;tt&#250;ruval hafi &#225;tt s&#233;r sta&#240; fyrir h&#225;v&#246;xnum og sterkbygg&#240;um einstaklingum sem h&#246;f&#240;u l&#237;kamlegt og t&#230;knilegt forskot &#225; n&#225;granna s&#237;na.</span></p><blockquote><p><strong><span>Svipger&#240;<br></span></strong><span>Fornleifaranns&#243;knir Rosenstock et al. s&#253;na a&#240; Yamnaya-menn voru sterkbygg&#240;ir og h&#225;vaxnir, sem gaf &#254;eim l&#237;kamlega yfirbur&#240;i &#237; str&#237;&#240;i og hreyfanleika. &#222;eir voru me&#240; me&#240;ald&#246;kkan h&#250;&#240;lit en breytileika &#237; h&#225;r- og augnlit. Ranns&#243;knir Piffer et al. &#225; erf&#240;amengi Yamnaya s&#253;na h&#225;a t&#237;&#240;ni erf&#240;av&#237;sa sem tengjast tilhneigingu til kerfisbundinnar hugsunar og mynstragreiningar (e. Autism Spectrum Disorder) &#8211; eiginleika sem sumir fr&#230;&#240;imenn telja a&#240; hafi veitt &#254;eim forskot &#237; fl&#243;kinni verkfr&#230;&#240;i &#225; bor&#240; vi&#240; vagnasm&#237;&#240;i og m&#225;lmvinnslu. Jafnframt vir&#240;ast &#254;eir hafa b&#250;i&#240; yfir miklu andlegu m&#243;tst&#246;&#240;uafli gegn kv&#237;&#240;a og &#254;unglyndi, sem ger&#240;i &#254;&#225; einstaklega vel &#237; stakk b&#250;na til a&#240; &#254;r&#237;fast h&#225;skalegu umhverfi sl&#233;ttunnar og str&#237;&#240;s&#225;t&#246;kum sem komu til me&#240; a&#240; einkenna menningu &#254;eirra.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FdyC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa30462fa-95b5-4327-837e-ff19361394e4_1199x675.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FdyC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa30462fa-95b5-4327-837e-ff19361394e4_1199x675.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FdyC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa30462fa-95b5-4327-837e-ff19361394e4_1199x675.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FdyC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa30462fa-95b5-4327-837e-ff19361394e4_1199x675.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FdyC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa30462fa-95b5-4327-837e-ff19361394e4_1199x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FdyC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa30462fa-95b5-4327-837e-ff19361394e4_1199x675.jpeg" width="1199" height="675" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FdyC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa30462fa-95b5-4327-837e-ff19361394e4_1199x675.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FdyC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa30462fa-95b5-4327-837e-ff19361394e4_1199x675.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FdyC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa30462fa-95b5-4327-837e-ff19361394e4_1199x675.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FdyC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa30462fa-95b5-4327-837e-ff19361394e4_1199x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Andlit sl&#233;ttunar: endurger&#240;ir Yamnaya manna, fr&#225; brons&#246;ld til j&#225;rnaldar (2600 - 600 f. Kr.) &#8212; Ancestral Whispers.</figcaption></figure></div></blockquote><p></p><p><span>Hir&#240;ingjal&#237;fi fylgdu einnig n&#253;jar &#225;h&#230;ttur &#254;ar sem au&#240;ur hir&#240;ingja samanst&#243;&#240; af hreyfanlegum eignum eins og b&#250;f&#233; og hestum, sem var berskjalda&#240;ur fyrir &#254;j&#243;fna&#240;i. &#222;essi n&#253;i veruleiki kraf&#240;ist st&#246;&#240;ugrar &#225;rvekni til a&#240; verja hjar&#240;ir s&#237;nar&#8212;sem og t&#230;kif&#230;ra til a&#240; herja &#225; a&#240;ra. &#218;r var&#240; a&#240; menn myndu&#240;u &#254;&#233;ttri&#240;in str&#237;&#240;s-br&#230;&#240;ral&#246;g (&#254;. </span><em><span>M&#228;nnerbund</span></em><span>), sem voru sameinu&#240; &#237; gegnum ei&#240;a og gagnkv&#230;ma v&#246;rn.</span></p><p><span>&#211;l&#237;kt hersveitum &#237; Levant h&#233;ru&#240;um Mi&#240;austurlanda, &#254;ar sem konungur var allsr&#225;&#240;andi yfirvald, bundust br&#230;&#240;ral&#246;g Yamnaya-manna ekki saman vegna skipunar gu&#240;legs yfirvalds. Yfirvald lei&#240;togans bygg&#240;ist &#254;ess &#237; sta&#240; &#225; or&#240;st&#237;r, &#246;rl&#230;ti og getu hans til a&#240; deila gj&#246;fum (herfangi) me&#240; fylgjendum. Ekki offr&#237;ki heldur gagnkv&#230;mni var &#254;v&#237; lykillinn a&#240; samheldni br&#230;&#240;ralaga Yamnaya: Lei&#240;toginn var fremstur me&#240;al jafningja og skapa&#240;i &#254;annig traust samband milli br&#230;&#240;ra &#254;ar sem hver einn og einasti f&#243;stbr&#243;&#240;ir &#225;tti hlutdeild &#237; velgengni br&#230;&#240;ralagsins. Innan banda Yamnaya manna spratt &#254;v&#237; upp hetjuandi &#254;ar sem drengskapur, herfer&#240;ir og leit a&#240; &#8222;&#243;dau&#240;legri fr&#230;g&#240;&#8220; var&#240; mi&#240;punktur tilverunnar.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V9Mk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F395b606b-63f9-4d63-8bc0-e7037defca37_1199x675.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V9Mk!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F395b606b-63f9-4d63-8bc0-e7037defca37_1199x675.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V9Mk!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F395b606b-63f9-4d63-8bc0-e7037defca37_1199x675.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V9Mk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F395b606b-63f9-4d63-8bc0-e7037defca37_1199x675.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V9Mk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F395b606b-63f9-4d63-8bc0-e7037defca37_1199x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V9Mk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F395b606b-63f9-4d63-8bc0-e7037defca37_1199x675.jpeg" width="1199" height="675" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/395b606b-63f9-4d63-8bc0-e7037defca37_1199x675.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:675,&quot;width&quot;:1199,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:216920,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://opinaugu.substack.com/i/205662339?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F395b606b-63f9-4d63-8bc0-e7037defca37_1199x675.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V9Mk!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F395b606b-63f9-4d63-8bc0-e7037defca37_1199x675.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V9Mk!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F395b606b-63f9-4d63-8bc0-e7037defca37_1199x675.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V9Mk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F395b606b-63f9-4d63-8bc0-e7037defca37_1199x675.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V9Mk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F395b606b-63f9-4d63-8bc0-e7037defca37_1199x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Heimur Yamnaya manna var hersk&#225;r heimur, &#254;ar sem ei&#240;ur, gj&#246;f og fr&#230;g&#240; bundu menn saman, og m&#243;ta&#240;i str&#237;&#240;smenningu sem &#225;tti eftir a&#240; einkenna Yamnaya menn hvert sem &#254;eir f&#243;ru, allt fr&#225; Tr&#243;ju str&#237;&#240;um til landn&#225;ms &#205;slands.</figcaption></figure></div><h2><strong><span>Ind&#243;evr&#243;pska bylgjan: Landn&#225;m, erf&#240;ir og go&#240;sagnir</span></strong></h2><blockquote><p><em><span>Hugtaki&#240; </span><strong><span>Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn </span></strong><span>er regnhl&#237;farhugtak yfir ni&#240;ja Yamnaya-manna sem dreif&#240;u erf&#240;av&#237;sum, menningu og tungum&#225;li s&#237;nu v&#237;&#240;a &#237; Evras&#237;u en fyrstu v&#237;sbendingarnar um &#254;essa s&#246;gulegu &#250;t&#254;enslu voru afhj&#250;pa&#240;ar &#237; Indlandi &#225; 18. &#246;ld &#254;egar breski emb&#230;ttisma&#240;urinn Sir William Jones s&#253;ndi fram &#225; a&#240; indverska forn-tungum&#225;li&#240; sanskr&#237;t v&#230;ri skylt evr&#243;pskum tungum&#225;lum.</span></em></p></blockquote><p><span>Um 3.300 f. Kr. haf&#240;i Yamnaya-m&#246;nnum fj&#246;lga&#240; svo mj&#246;g a&#240; &#254;eir brutust &#250;t af sl&#233;ttum Svartahafs &#237; &#250;tr&#225;s til vesturs. &#222;essari &#250;t&#254;enslubylgju fylgdu dj&#250;pst&#230;&#240; hamskipti &#225; l&#253;&#240;fr&#230;&#240;i Evr&#243;pu &#254;ar sem n&#253; og &#246;flug samf&#233;l&#246;g Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna ri&#240;u s&#233;r til r&#250;ms:</span></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Sn&#230;ris-Keram&#237;kmenningin (e. </span></strong><em><strong><span>Corded Ware culture</span></strong></em><strong><span>) u.&#254;.b. 2900 f. Kr.:</span></strong><span> voru Yamnaya landnemar sem n&#225;&#240;u til Mi&#240;- og Nor&#240;ur-Evr&#243;pu, &#254;ar &#225; me&#240;al &#222;&#253;skalands og Skandinav&#237;u. &#222;ar bl&#246;ndu&#240;ust &#254;eir b&#230;ndum sem fyrir voru en erf&#240;amengi &#254;eirra var&#240; r&#225;&#240;andi &#254;annig a&#240; allt a&#240; 75% af erf&#240;aefni heimamanna v&#233;k fyrir erf&#240;um Yamnaya. Sn&#230;ris-Keram&#237;kmenningin lag&#240;i grunninn a&#240; germ&#246;nskum, baltneskum og slavneskum &#254;j&#243;&#240;um.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Bj&#246;llubikar-menningin (e. </span></strong><em><strong><span>Bell Beaker culture</span></strong></em><strong><span>) u.&#254;.b. 2500 f. Kr.:</span></strong><span> Var annar armur s&#246;mu bylgju sem bar menningu Yamnaya enn lengra &#237; su&#240;vestur, allt til Bretlandseyja, &#205;ber&#237;uskaga og &#205;tal&#237;u. &#222;ar me&#240; voru r&#230;tur keltneskra og &#237;talskra (r&#243;mverskra) menningarheima settar ni&#240;ur.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Grikkland og Balkanskagi (u.&#254;.b. 2000 f. Kr.):</span></strong><span> Yamnaya menn s&#243;ttu einnig beint til su&#240;urs. &#222;ar ruddust &#254;eir inn &#237; &#254;&#233;ttri&#240;in samf&#233;l&#246;g b&#230;nda, sem leiddi til fl&#243;knari bl&#246;ndunar en marka&#240;i engu a&#240; s&#237;&#240;ur upphaf menningar M&#253;kenu grikkja.</span></p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l2rt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83e3b864-661a-459a-b9b0-a46d04d332da_1200x569.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l2rt!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83e3b864-661a-459a-b9b0-a46d04d332da_1200x569.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l2rt!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83e3b864-661a-459a-b9b0-a46d04d332da_1200x569.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l2rt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83e3b864-661a-459a-b9b0-a46d04d332da_1200x569.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l2rt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83e3b864-661a-459a-b9b0-a46d04d332da_1200x569.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l2rt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83e3b864-661a-459a-b9b0-a46d04d332da_1200x569.jpeg" width="1200" height="569" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/83e3b864-661a-459a-b9b0-a46d04d332da_1200x569.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:569,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:123452,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://opinaugu.substack.com/i/205662339?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83e3b864-661a-459a-b9b0-a46d04d332da_1200x569.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l2rt!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83e3b864-661a-459a-b9b0-a46d04d332da_1200x569.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l2rt!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83e3b864-661a-459a-b9b0-a46d04d332da_1200x569.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l2rt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83e3b864-661a-459a-b9b0-a46d04d332da_1200x569.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!l2rt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F83e3b864-661a-459a-b9b0-a46d04d332da_1200x569.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Vestur &#250;t&#254;ensla Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna &#8776;3000 f. Kr. - 2000 f. Kr.</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>&#193;rangur Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna bygg&#240;ist a&#240; miklu leyti &#225; &#246;flugu f&#233;lagskerfi. Erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegan og menningarlegan arf Yamnaya-f&#243;lksins m&#225; rekja til hinna fornu vei&#240;imanna Evras&#237;u, &#254;ar sem sj&#225;lfst&#230;&#240;i einstaklingsins, traust og gagnkv&#230;m vi&#240;skipti voru &#237; fyrirr&#250;mi. Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn fl&#233;ttu&#240;u &#254;etta forna skipulag saman vi&#240; n&#253;tt kerfi sem sumir fr&#230;&#240;imenn kenna vi&#240; &#8222;a&#240;alsveldi&#8220; (e. </span><em><span>aristocrazy</span></em><span>) og &#8222;a&#240;als-einstaklingshyggju&#8220; (e. </span><em><span>aristocratic individualism</span></em><span>) &#254;ar sem einstaklingar g&#225;tu klifi&#240; metor&#240;astigann &#250;t fr&#225; h&#230;fni.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a></p><p><span>Kjarni samf&#233;lagsins voru &#225;&#240;urnefnd br&#230;&#240;ral&#246;g (&#254;. </span><em><span>m&#228;nnerbund</span></em><span>), &#254;ar sem tengsl og trygg&#240; voru reist &#225; sj&#225;lfviljugum ei&#240;um fremur en gegnum bl&#243;&#240;b&#246;nd. Lei&#240;togar voru ekki einvaldar, l&#237;kt og &#237; b&#230;ndasamf&#233;l&#246;gum, heldur fremstir me&#240;al jafningja. &#193;kvar&#240;anir voru teknar &#237; samr&#225;&#240;i vi&#240; h&#243;pinn, sem samanst&#243;&#240; af m&#246;nnum er h&#246;f&#240;u unni&#240; s&#233;r inn n&#230;gt fr&#230;g&#240;ar til a&#240; tilheyra br&#230;&#240;ralaginu. Valdast&#243;ll lei&#240;togans var &#254;annig ekki sj&#225;lfgefinn til &#230;viloka heldur bygg&#240;ist &#225; getu hans til a&#240; &#250;tvega f&#243;stbr&#230;&#240;rum s&#237;num gjafir og herfang. M&#246;nnum var einnig frj&#225;lst a&#240; sn&#250;a baki vi&#240; lei&#240;toga s&#237;num ef hann st&#243;&#240; ekki undir v&#230;ntingum.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-9" href="#footnote-9" target="_self">9</a></p><p><span>Metna&#240;arfullur lei&#240;togi me&#240; hug &#225; a&#240; afla s&#233;r fylgis var&#240; a&#240; geta ver&#240;launa&#240; menn s&#237;na r&#237;kulega &#237; herlei&#240;angrum &#237; skiptum fyrir hollustu. Gagnkv&#230;mir ei&#240;ar um hollustu &#225; b&#225;&#240;a b&#243;ga ur&#240;u &#254;v&#237; hornsteinn samf&#233;lagsins: lei&#240;toginn gat treyst &#225; li&#240;sinni f&#243;stbr&#230;&#240;ra sem g&#225;tu a&#240; sama skapi v&#230;nst sanngjarnra ver&#240;launa &#237; sta&#240;inn. Tengsl bygg&#240;ust &#254;annig &#225; gagnkv&#230;mni, h&#230;fni og afrekum fremur en fr&#230;ndsemi, eins og Mi&#240;austul&#246;ndum, &#254;ar sem sta&#240;a einstaklingsins r&#233;&#240;st af bl&#243;&#240;b&#246;ndum, e&#240;a har&#240;stj&#243;rn &#8212; &#254;ar sem menn lutu yfirvaldi af &#243;tta.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-10" href="#footnote-10" target="_self">10</a></p><p><span>A&#240;alsveldi ind&#243;evr&#243;pskra samf&#233;laga bygg&#240;ist &#254;annig ekki &#225; ofr&#237;ki e&#240;a &#254;r&#246;ngum &#230;ttarb&#246;ndum, l&#237;kt og t&#237;tt var &#237; landb&#250;na&#240;arsamf&#233;l&#246;gum Mi&#240;austurlanda, heldur &#225; gagnkv&#230;mni.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-11" href="#footnote-11" target="_self">11</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-12" href="#footnote-12" target="_self">12</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uz3m!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56f2ab3-d4a4-4cd5-87b7-9f55252f88df_1200x675.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uz3m!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56f2ab3-d4a4-4cd5-87b7-9f55252f88df_1200x675.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uz3m!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56f2ab3-d4a4-4cd5-87b7-9f55252f88df_1200x675.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uz3m!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56f2ab3-d4a4-4cd5-87b7-9f55252f88df_1200x675.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uz3m!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56f2ab3-d4a4-4cd5-87b7-9f55252f88df_1200x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uz3m!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56f2ab3-d4a4-4cd5-87b7-9f55252f88df_1200x675.jpeg" width="1200" height="675" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uz3m!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56f2ab3-d4a4-4cd5-87b7-9f55252f88df_1200x675.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uz3m!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56f2ab3-d4a4-4cd5-87b7-9f55252f88df_1200x675.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uz3m!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56f2ab3-d4a4-4cd5-87b7-9f55252f88df_1200x675.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uz3m!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56f2ab3-d4a4-4cd5-87b7-9f55252f88df_1200x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Hipp&#243;krates skrifa&#240;i um sk&#253;ran mun &#225; Grikkjum og Persum. Grikkir og a&#240;rir Evr&#243;pumenn voru &#237; hans augum sj&#225;lfst&#230;&#240;ir, &#225;r&#230;&#240;nir og hersk&#225;ir &#225; me&#240;an Persar, og a&#240;rar as&#237;skar &#254;j&#243;&#240;ir, lutu valdi konungs og v&#243;ru &#254;v&#237; &#8222;ekki s&#237;nir eigin herrar&#8220;. A&#240; baki or&#240;a Hipp&#243;kratesar b&#253;r s&#250; hugsun a&#240; menn skyldu fara &#237; str&#237;&#240; &#250;t fr&#225; pers&#243;nulegum metna&#240;i, til a&#240; vinna s&#233;r or&#240;st&#237;r og fylgi, fremur en af &#254;v&#237; einu a&#240; valdhafi skipa&#240;i svo fyrir.</figcaption></figure></div><blockquote><p><strong><span>Tr&#250;arleg heimsmynd<br></span></strong><span>Fornfr&#230;&#240;ingurinn Georges Dum&#233;zil hefur fjalla&#240; um hvernig </span><strong><span>Ind&#243;evr&#243;pskur tr&#250;arheimur</span></strong><span> bygg&#240;ist &#225; &#254;r&#237;skiptingu (fr. </span><em><span>tripartite</span></em><span>) samf&#233;lags og alheims sem skiptist &#237;; </span><strong><span>presta</span></strong><span>, </span><strong><span>str&#237;&#240;smenn</span></strong><span>, og </span><strong><span>hir&#240;ingja/b&#230;ndur</span></strong><span>. &#222;egar Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn breiddu &#250;r s&#233;r yfir Evr&#243;pu fluttu &#254;eir me&#240; s&#233;r go&#240;sagnir og helgisi&#240;i sem sn&#233;rust um himneskt alm&#230;tti, n.t. &#8222;</span><em><span>Himnaf&#246;&#240;ur</span></em><span>&#8220;. &#222;essi arfleif&#240; rann svo saman vi&#240; eldri tr&#250;arhef&#240;ir landb&#250;na&#240;arsamf&#233;laga Evr&#243;pu og m&#243;ta&#240;i s&#237;&#240;ar helstu go&#240;heima &#225;lfunnar, me&#240;al annars hinn gr&#237;ska, r&#243;mverska og norr&#230;na.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3SCb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34847df9-8eed-4c4f-9fc8-20f42f17756b_1199x675.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3SCb!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34847df9-8eed-4c4f-9fc8-20f42f17756b_1199x675.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3SCb!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34847df9-8eed-4c4f-9fc8-20f42f17756b_1199x675.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3SCb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34847df9-8eed-4c4f-9fc8-20f42f17756b_1199x675.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3SCb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34847df9-8eed-4c4f-9fc8-20f42f17756b_1199x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3SCb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34847df9-8eed-4c4f-9fc8-20f42f17756b_1199x675.jpeg" width="1199" height="675" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3SCb!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34847df9-8eed-4c4f-9fc8-20f42f17756b_1199x675.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3SCb!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34847df9-8eed-4c4f-9fc8-20f42f17756b_1199x675.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3SCb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34847df9-8eed-4c4f-9fc8-20f42f17756b_1199x675.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3SCb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F34847df9-8eed-4c4f-9fc8-20f42f17756b_1199x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>&#205; norr&#230;nni go&#240;afr&#230;&#240;i birtist &#254;essi skipan hj&#225;; &#211;&#240;ni, sem tengist visku, g&#246;ldrum og heil&#246;gu valdi; &#222;&#243;r, sem holdgerir str&#237;&#240;smanninn; og Frey, sem stendur fyrir frj&#243;semi, fri&#240; og vels&#230;ld. &#193;t&#246;k og s&#237;&#240;ari samruni &#193;sa og Vana hafa einnig veri&#240; t&#250;lku&#240; sem go&#240;s&#246;guleg aflei&#240;ing af samruna samf&#233;lags b&#230;nda vi&#240; Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn. Go&#240;heimar Evr&#243;pu hv&#237;la &#254;annig &#225; sameiginlegu ind&#243;evr&#243;psku minni eins og alheimur skapa&#240;ur &#250;r l&#237;kama frumveru, &#221;mir (PIE. </span><em><span>Yemos</span></em><span>), og hetjan sem fellir drekann &#8212; fr&#225; Indra og Heraklesi til Sigur&#240;ar F&#225;fnisbana.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-13" href="#footnote-13" target="_self">13</a></p></blockquote><p></p><p><span>Menning Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna var drengilegur heimur drifinn &#225;fram af &#230;vint&#253;ra&#254;r&#225; og l&#246;ngun eftir fr&#230;g&#240;. Sl&#237;kar hugmyndir lifa n&#225;nast &#243;breyttar &#237; norr&#230;nni go&#240;afr&#230;&#240;i og &#237;slenskum fornb&#243;kmenntum &#254;ar sem &#230;&#240;sta markmi&#240;i&#240; var a&#240; deyja me&#240; s&#230;md &#237; orrustu svo hetjud&#225;&#240;anna yr&#240;i minnst a&#240; eil&#237;fu.</span></p><blockquote><p>&#8222;hraustr s&#237;ns vinir m&#237;nu<br>tryggvi eg &#243;&#240; og eggjar<br>undgengin spj&#246;r dundu.&#8220;</p><p>&#8212; Skarph&#233;&#240;inn Nj&#225;lsson, Brennu-Nj&#225;ls saga</p></blockquote><p><span>Gott d&#230;mi um vaskleika Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna er a&#240; finna &#237; Nj&#225;lu &#254;ar sem Skarph&#233;&#240;inn m&#230;tir dau&#240;a s&#237;num &#237; Nj&#225;lsbrennu ekki me&#240; kveini heldur kv&#230;&#240;i um orrad&#253;r&#240;, hreysti og vin&#225;ttu. Hetjulund Skarph&#233;&#240;ins endurspeglar &#254;annig gildismat Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna sem einkenndist af metna&#240;arfullum hugsj&#243;num og (&#243;&#240;s manns) tr&#250; &#225; getu einstaklingsins til a&#240; s&#230;kja fram andsp&#230;nis &#243;tta, hindrunum og yfirvofandi dau&#240;a.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hu5W!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b794483-572a-4761-9b6b-e97bf936e6d0_1199x675.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hu5W!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b794483-572a-4761-9b6b-e97bf936e6d0_1199x675.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hu5W!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b794483-572a-4761-9b6b-e97bf936e6d0_1199x675.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hu5W!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b794483-572a-4761-9b6b-e97bf936e6d0_1199x675.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hu5W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b794483-572a-4761-9b6b-e97bf936e6d0_1199x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hu5W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b794483-572a-4761-9b6b-e97bf936e6d0_1199x675.jpeg" width="1199" height="675" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2b794483-572a-4761-9b6b-e97bf936e6d0_1199x675.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:675,&quot;width&quot;:1199,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:133852,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://opinaugu.substack.com/i/205662339?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b794483-572a-4761-9b6b-e97bf936e6d0_1199x675.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hu5W!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b794483-572a-4761-9b6b-e97bf936e6d0_1199x675.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hu5W!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b794483-572a-4761-9b6b-e97bf936e6d0_1199x675.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hu5W!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b794483-572a-4761-9b6b-e97bf936e6d0_1199x675.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hu5W!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b794483-572a-4761-9b6b-e97bf936e6d0_1199x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><h2><strong><span>N&#253;lendurstefna</span></strong></h2><p><span>&#222;a&#240; m&#225; einnig segja a&#240; Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn hafi veri&#240; fyrirrennarar n&#253;lenduveldanna og a&#240; &#254;eir hafi starfa&#240; sem eins konar &#8222;s&#233;rleyfishafar&#8220; fyrir menningu s&#237;na sem f&#243;lst &#237; &#254;v&#237; a&#240; &#254;eir &#254;r&#246;ngvu&#240;u tungum&#225;li s&#237;nu og gildum upp &#225; &#254;j&#243;&#240;ir sem &#254;eir hern&#225;mu.</span></p><p><span>M&#225;ttur Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna s&#253;nir sig gl&#246;ggt &#237; s&#246;gu svokalla&#240;ra Ind&#243;-Ar&#237;a, sem voru afkomendur Sn&#230;ris-Keram&#237;kmenningarnar &#237; austur Evr&#243;pu. Me&#240; uppfinningu fisl&#233;ttra str&#237;&#240;svagna me&#240; teinu&#240;um hj&#243;lum s&#243;ttu Ar&#237;ar til su&#240;austurs af miklum &#254;unga og reistu &#254;ar voldug r&#237;ki &#225; sv&#230;&#240;i sem n&#225;&#240;i fr&#225; &#205;ran til K&#237;na. E&#240;li &#254;essara landvinninga var &#243;l&#237;kt landn&#225;mi Yamnaya &#237; Evr&#243;pu, &#254;ar sem &#254;eir skiptu &#250;t meira en helming mannfj&#246;ldans, en &#237; &#205;ran og Indlandi myndu&#240;u Ar&#237;ar minnihluta &#237;b&#250;a. &#222;r&#225;tt fyrir &#254;a&#240; t&#243;kst Ar&#237;um a&#240; hrifsa til s&#237;n v&#246;ld og st&#253;ra &#254;ar fj&#246;lmennum b&#230;ndasamf&#233;l&#246;gum sem f&#225;menn el&#237;ta.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-14" href="#footnote-14" target="_self">14</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ILoQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5843a21f-48f8-4504-b8f1-cf71d3c46137_1199x675.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ILoQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5843a21f-48f8-4504-b8f1-cf71d3c46137_1199x675.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ILoQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5843a21f-48f8-4504-b8f1-cf71d3c46137_1199x675.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ILoQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5843a21f-48f8-4504-b8f1-cf71d3c46137_1199x675.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ILoQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5843a21f-48f8-4504-b8f1-cf71d3c46137_1199x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ILoQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5843a21f-48f8-4504-b8f1-cf71d3c46137_1199x675.jpeg" width="1199" height="675" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ILoQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5843a21f-48f8-4504-b8f1-cf71d3c46137_1199x675.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ILoQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5843a21f-48f8-4504-b8f1-cf71d3c46137_1199x675.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ILoQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5843a21f-48f8-4504-b8f1-cf71d3c46137_1199x675.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ILoQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5843a21f-48f8-4504-b8f1-cf71d3c46137_1199x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Hitt&#237;taveldi&#240; &#237; Anat&#243;l&#237;u er sk&#253;rasta d&#230;mi&#240; um hvernig Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn r&#237;ktu sem f&#225;menn yfirst&#233;tt yfir fj&#246;lmennum landb&#250;na&#240;ar&#254;j&#243;&#240;um. &#222;&#243;tt Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn hafi n&#225;nast ekkert blanda&#240; bl&#243;&#240;i vi&#240; b&#230;ndur &#237; Hitt&#237;eu, yfirt&#243;ku &#254;eir stj&#243;rnkerfi&#240; og &#254;vingu&#240;u samf&#233;lagi&#240; til a&#240; tala ind&#243;evr&#243;pska tungu og fylgja ind&#243;evr&#243;pskum l&#246;gum. </span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-15" href="#footnote-15" target="_self">15</a></p><h2><strong><span>Hamskipti</span></strong></h2><p><span>Hvort sem &#254;a&#240; var me&#240; erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegri &#250;tskiptingu &#237; nor&#240;ri e&#240;a p&#243;lit&#237;skri yfirt&#246;ku &#237; su&#240;ri, &#254;&#225; endurskrifu&#240;u Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn l&#246;g, tungum&#225;l og s&#246;gu hins forna heims, jafnt &#237; Evr&#243;pu sem &#237; As&#237;u.</span></p><p><span>Sn&#230;ris-Keram&#237;kmenningin, sem nam land &#237; Nor&#240;ur- og Mi&#240;-Evr&#243;pu, leysti allt a&#240; 75% af erf&#240;aefni b&#230;ndasamf&#233;laganna af h&#243;lmi &#254;annig a&#240; enn &#254;ann dag &#237; dag m&#225; rekja allt a&#240; helming af erf&#240;amengi n&#250;t&#237;ma Evr&#243;pub&#250;a til ind&#243;evr&#243;pskra &#8218;</span><em><span>v&#237;kinga</span></em><span>&#8216;.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-16" href="#footnote-16" target="_self">16</a></p><div 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Mynd sem s&#253;nir &#254;r&#237;skipta erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilega samsetingu n&#250;t&#237;ma Evr&#243;pub&#250;a &#250;t fr&#225; 1. B&#230;ndum 2. Vestr&#230;num vei&#240;im&#246;nnum og 3. Yamnaya/Ind&#243;evr&#243;pum&#246;nnum &#8212; Haak et al.</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>Vi&#240; &#254;essi hamskipti var&#240; umbylting &#225; menningu Evr&#243;pu. &#205; sta&#240; jafna&#240;armennsku vei&#240;imanna e&#240;a &#230;ttarskipulags b&#230;nda, kynntu Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn til s&#246;gunnar n&#253;tt skipulag </span><strong><span>&#8222;</span></strong><em><strong><span>a&#240;alsveldis</span></strong></em><strong><span>&#8220;</span></strong><span> og </span><strong><span>&#8222;</span></strong><em><strong><span>a&#240;als-einstaklingshyggju</span></strong></em><strong><span>&#8220;</span></strong><span>. Skipulag yfirst&#233;ttarinnar sn&#233;rist n&#250; &#237; auknum m&#230;li um br&#230;&#240;ral&#246;g (&#254;. </span><em><span>M&#228;nnerbund</span></em><span>), &#254;ar sem menn voru sameina&#240;ir gegnum ei&#240;a, ver&#240;leika og hetjud&#225;&#240;ir&#8212;frekar en einber bl&#243;&#240;b&#246;nd. Vi&#240; b&#230;ttist svo st&#233;tt presta og b&#230;nda og &#250;r var&#240; hi&#240; &#254;r&#237;skipta (fr. </span><em><span>tripartite</span></em><span>) valdaskipulag Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna sem seinna var&#240; hugmyndafr&#230;&#240;ilegur hornsteinn a&#240; st&#243;rveldum Evr&#243;pu:</span></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>M&#253;kenugrikkja</span></strong><span>, sem voru forfe&#240;ur Spartverja og A&#254;eninga.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>&#205;t&#246;lsku &#230;ttb&#225;lkanna</span></strong><span>, sem s&#237;&#240;ar reistu R&#243;maveldi.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Germ&#246;nsku &#254;j&#243;&#240;anna</span></strong><span> &#237; nor&#240;ri.</span></p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMem!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F393a972b-a075-4340-a8ab-772b187ed951_1200x900.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMem!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F393a972b-a075-4340-a8ab-772b187ed951_1200x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMem!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F393a972b-a075-4340-a8ab-772b187ed951_1200x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMem!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F393a972b-a075-4340-a8ab-772b187ed951_1200x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMem!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F393a972b-a075-4340-a8ab-772b187ed951_1200x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMem!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F393a972b-a075-4340-a8ab-772b187ed951_1200x900.jpeg" width="1200" height="900" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/393a972b-a075-4340-a8ab-772b187ed951_1200x900.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:900,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:137997,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://opinaugu.substack.com/i/205662339?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F393a972b-a075-4340-a8ab-772b187ed951_1200x900.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMem!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F393a972b-a075-4340-a8ab-772b187ed951_1200x900.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMem!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F393a972b-a075-4340-a8ab-772b187ed951_1200x900.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMem!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F393a972b-a075-4340-a8ab-772b187ed951_1200x900.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMem!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F393a972b-a075-4340-a8ab-772b187ed951_1200x900.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2><strong><span>Stj&#243;rnarfar og r&#233;ttur:<br>Gagnkv&#230;mni umfram bl&#243;&#240;b&#246;nd</span></strong></h2><p><span>Evr&#243;pskar &#254;j&#243;&#240;ir sem ur&#240;u til &#250;r landvinningum Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna (Forngrikkir, R&#243;mverjar, Keltar og Germanir) voru fr&#225;brug&#240;nar landb&#250;na&#240;ar&#254;j&#243;&#240;um af &#254;v&#237; leyti a&#240; innan stigveldis (e. </span><em><span>hierarchy</span></em><span>) Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna risu menn til metor&#240;a me&#240; h&#230;fni, hreysti og pers&#243;nulegum ver&#240;leikum.</span></p><p><span>Sl&#237;kt kerfi kalla&#240;i &#225; a&#240; f&#233;lagsleg tengsl n&#230;&#240;u &#250;t fyrir &#230;ttb&#225;lk og &#250;r var&#240; a&#240; s&#233;rkennandi r&#233;ttarfar &#254;r&#243;a&#240;ist &#237; ind&#243;evr&#243;pskum samf&#233;l&#246;gum, fr&#225; Grikklandi til &#205;slands, sem dr&#243; &#250;r &#225;hrifum &#230;ttartengsla og bygg&#240;ist &#254;ess &#237; sta&#240; &#225; gagnkv&#230;mum skyldum milli [fjarskyldra] manna.</span></p><p><span>H&#225;vam&#225;l endurspegla sl&#237;ka gagnkv&#230;mni gl&#246;gglega &#237; lei&#240;arv&#237;sum um gestrisni: Ma&#240;ur sem kom sem gestur til &#243;kunnugs heimilis og &#254;&#225;&#240;i mat, skj&#243;l e&#240;a gjafir gekk &#254;ar me&#240; inn &#237; samband trausts sem skapa&#240;i skyldur &#225; b&#225;&#240;a b&#243;ga. Gj&#246;f og gestrisni markar upphaf vin&#225;ttu og gagnkv&#230;mrar &#225;byrg&#240;ar sem br&#250;ar bil milli &#230;ttb&#225;lka.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-17" href="#footnote-17" target="_self">17</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dlHk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0459f961-d7d9-4b2a-b9b8-2f4fa3f64fd7_1200x615.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dlHk!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0459f961-d7d9-4b2a-b9b8-2f4fa3f64fd7_1200x615.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dlHk!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0459f961-d7d9-4b2a-b9b8-2f4fa3f64fd7_1200x615.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dlHk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0459f961-d7d9-4b2a-b9b8-2f4fa3f64fd7_1200x615.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dlHk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0459f961-d7d9-4b2a-b9b8-2f4fa3f64fd7_1200x615.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dlHk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0459f961-d7d9-4b2a-b9b8-2f4fa3f64fd7_1200x615.jpeg" width="1200" height="615" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dlHk!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0459f961-d7d9-4b2a-b9b8-2f4fa3f64fd7_1200x615.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dlHk!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0459f961-d7d9-4b2a-b9b8-2f4fa3f64fd7_1200x615.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dlHk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0459f961-d7d9-4b2a-b9b8-2f4fa3f64fd7_1200x615.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dlHk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0459f961-d7d9-4b2a-b9b8-2f4fa3f64fd7_1200x615.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Greina m&#225; gildishla&#240;i&#240; bergm&#225;l Yamnaya gegnum H&#225;vam&#225;l &#237; st&#246;kum eins og: &#8222;Vin s&#237;num skal ma&#240;ur vinur vera og gjalda gj&#246;f vi&#240; gj&#246;f.&#8220; &#8212; &#254;ar sem gj&#246;fin var ekki a&#240;eins &#246;rl&#230;ti, heldur skuldabr&#233;f vin&#225;ttu, trygg&#240;ar og hei&#240;urs.</figcaption></figure></div><p>&#198;ttir, kl&#237;kur og bl&#243;&#240;b&#246;nd voru samt vissulega bur&#240;ar&#225;s &#237; heimi Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna en ind&#243;evr&#243;pskur a&#240;alsma&#240;ur var&#240; engu a&#240; s&#237;&#240;ur a&#240; vinna s&#233;r sess me&#240; hreysti, &#246;rl&#230;ti, r&#225;&#240;deild og afrekum. &#222;annig m&#225; segja a&#240; &#254;arna &#246;rli fyrir v&#237;si a&#240; vestr&#230;nni einstaklingshyggju.</p><blockquote><p><span>&#8222;</span><em><span>skyldi &#254;a&#240; f&#233; eigi til arfs telja, n&#233; sonur eftir f&#246;&#240;ur taka, heldur skyldi &#254;a&#240; f&#233; &#237; haug leggja hj&#225; sj&#225;lfum h&#246;f&#240;ingjum.</span></em><span>&#8220; &#8212; Vatnsd&#230;la saga</span></p></blockquote><p><span>Skilja m&#225; a&#240; Ketill raumur tali fyrir ver&#240;leikar&#230;&#240;i (e. </span><em><span>meritocracy</span></em><span>) &#254;egar Ketill segir &#222;orsteini syni s&#237;num a&#240; &#254;a&#240; f&#233; sem h&#246;f&#240;ingjar afla s&#233;r me&#240; v&#237;king, &#225;h&#230;ttu og or&#240;st&#237;r skuli ekki erfast heldur fylgja h&#246;f&#240;ingja til grafar &#8212; synirnir ur&#240;u sj&#225;lfir a&#240; afla s&#233;r fj&#225;r, fr&#230;g&#240;ar og vir&#240;ingar til a&#240; halda st&#246;&#240;u f&#246;&#240;urs.</span></p><p><strong><span>Ind&#243;evr&#243;pskur r&#233;ttur</span></strong><span><br>Gildismat f&#243;stbr&#230;&#240;ralags sl&#233;ttunnar; ver&#240;leikar, gagnkv&#230;mni og hei&#240;ur &#225;sanna&#240;ist svo s&#237;&#240;ar &#237; r&#233;ttarhef&#240; sem var&#240; einkennandi me&#240;al Evr&#243;pu&#254;j&#243;&#240;a: Allt fr&#225; vald dreif&#240;ri forystu br&#230;&#240;ralags sl&#233;ttunnar til gr&#237;sku borgr&#237;kjanna, &#254;ar sem frj&#225;lsir menn t&#243;ku &#254;&#225;tt &#237; vali stj&#243;rnenda, sem festi sig s&#237;&#240;ar &#237; sessi l&#253;&#240;veldis R&#243;mverja og &#254;ess &#254;ingskipulags sem var sett &#225; Al&#254;ingi &#205;slendinga 930 e.Kr.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-18" href="#footnote-18" target="_self">18</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-19" href="#footnote-19" target="_self">19</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYUX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb461675b-db3b-4f66-92f1-3a4e82b74643_1199x675.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYUX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb461675b-db3b-4f66-92f1-3a4e82b74643_1199x675.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYUX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb461675b-db3b-4f66-92f1-3a4e82b74643_1199x675.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYUX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb461675b-db3b-4f66-92f1-3a4e82b74643_1199x675.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYUX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb461675b-db3b-4f66-92f1-3a4e82b74643_1199x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYUX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb461675b-db3b-4f66-92f1-3a4e82b74643_1199x675.jpeg" width="1199" height="675" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYUX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb461675b-db3b-4f66-92f1-3a4e82b74643_1199x675.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYUX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb461675b-db3b-4f66-92f1-3a4e82b74643_1199x675.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYUX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb461675b-db3b-4f66-92f1-3a4e82b74643_1199x675.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OYUX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb461675b-db3b-4f66-92f1-3a4e82b74643_1199x675.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Arfleif&#240; Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna var &#254;annig megin&#254;&#225;ttur &#237; a&#240; m&#243;ta r&#233;ttarhef&#240; &#254;ar sem frj&#225;lsir menn h&#246;f&#240;u r&#246;dd &#237; sameiginlegum m&#225;lum, g&#225;tu l&#225;ti&#240; &#237; s&#233;r heyra innan &#254;ings, gagnr&#253;nt h&#246;f&#240;ingja og jafnvel veitt &#254;eim opi&#240; and&#243;f.</span></p><p><span>&#222;r&#243;un r&#233;ttarfars sem lag&#240;i &#225;herslu &#225; gagnkv&#230;mni s&#233;st gl&#246;gglega &#237; Brennu-Nj&#225;ls s&#246;gu. &#222;ar g&#225;tu jafnvel sm&#225;b&#230;ndur s&#243;tt m&#225;l gegn voldugum m&#246;nnum, og deilur f&#243;ru eftir f&#246;stum reglum &#8212; fr&#225; stefnu og vitnum til d&#243;ms &#225; Al&#254;ingi. Nj&#225;ll mi&#240;lar m&#225;lum, gefur r&#225;&#240;leggingar, flytur m&#225;l og ver&#240;ur &#254;annig t&#225;kn fyrir r&#233;ttarkerfi &#254;ar sem lagab&#243;kstafurinn gat vegi&#240; upp &#225; m&#243;ti &#230;tt, au&#240;i og ofr&#237;ki. </span></p><p><span>Kannsk&#233; &#253;kt a&#240; segja a&#240; heimur Nj&#225;lu spegli n&#250;t&#237;ma r&#233;ttarr&#237;ki, en &#254;ar m&#225; &#254;&#243; greina forvera &#254;eirrar hugmyndar a&#240; l&#246;gin eigi a&#240; vera m&#246;nnum kunn og a&#240; hver ma&#240;ur geti, a&#240; minnsta kosti &#237; or&#240;i, leita&#240; r&#233;ttar s&#237;ns.</span></p><p><span>L&#246;g gegn kl&#237;kuskap eiga s&#233;r einnig hli&#240;st&#230;&#240;u &#237; germ&#246;nskum r&#233;tti, til d&#230;mis &#237; L&#246;gb&#243;k Vestgota (Lex Visigothorum 642-643 e. Kr) &#254;ar sem getur um strangar takmarkanir &#225; vitnisbur&#240;i &#230;ttingja &#237; deilum vi&#240; utana&#240;komandi a&#240;ila - &#254;ar sem tilgangurinn var a&#240; koma &#237; veg fyrir a&#240; st&#243;rfj&#246;lskyldur g&#230;tu beitt fj&#246;lda s&#237;num til a&#240; r&#225;&#240;a r&#233;ttinum s&#233;r &#237; hag gegnum bl&#243;&#240;b&#246;nd.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-20" href="#footnote-20" target="_self">20</a></p><p><span>H&#233;r skal vi&#240;urkennast a&#240; h&#246;fundur er &#225; h&#225;lum &#237;s &#254;egar kemur a&#240; l&#246;gl&#230;si og t&#250;lkun laga b&#243;kstafsins. &#222;a&#240; v&#230;ri &#254;v&#237; s&#233;rlega &#225;hugavert ef l&#246;gfr&#243;&#240;ir lesendur me&#240; &#254;ekkingu &#225; r&#233;ttars&#246;gu t&#230;kju upp &#254;r&#225;&#240;inn og ranns&#246;ku&#240;u n&#225;nar hvort og me&#240; hva&#240;a h&#230;tti ind&#243;evr&#243;pskur menningararfur hafi m&#243;ta&#240; evr&#243;pskar r&#233;ttarhef&#240;ir, &#254;ar &#225; me&#240;al &#237;slenska l&#246;gs&#246;gu. Sl&#237;kt v&#230;ri a&#240; mati h&#246;fundar ver&#240;ugt ranns&#243;knarefni.</span></p><p>H&#246;fundur telur engu a&#240; s&#237;&#240;ur a&#240; hef&#240;ir og gildi Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna, sem dr&#243;gu &#250;r v&#230;gi bl&#243;&#240;tengsla og voru s&#237;&#240;ar l&#246;gfest &#237; kirkjur&#233;tti ka&#254;&#243;lsku kirkjunnar, hafi lagt grunn a&#240; vestr&#230;nni einstaklingshyggju. Ind&#243;evr&#243;psk einstaklingshyggja <span>getur einnig sk&#253;rt a&#240; hluta hvers vegna Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn g&#225;tu blandast &#246;&#240;rum menningarheimum tilt&#246;lulega hratt. &#222;egar menn voru metnir eftir framlagi s&#237;nu til b&#230;&#240;i lei&#240;togans og h&#243;psins &#237; heild, fremur en &#230;tterni eing&#246;ngu, ur&#240;u m&#246;rk milli h&#243;pa sveigjanlegri.</span></p><p><span>Besta sk&#253;ringin &#225; bl&#246;ndun Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna vi&#240; b&#230;ndur og vei&#240;imenn &#237; Evr&#243;pu er samt l&#237;klega s&#250; a&#240; allir &#254;essir h&#243;par voru verulega skyldir innbyr&#240;is. Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn voru ekki &#243;&#254;ekkt st&#230;r&#240; sem spratt &#250;r t&#243;mar&#250;mi, heldur vei&#240;imenn sem m&#243;tu&#240;ust &#225; v&#237;&#240;lendi Evras&#237;u, l&#237;kt og a&#240;rir vei&#240;imenn, &#254;ar sem gildi trausts og gagnkv&#230;mnis voru &#237; h&#225;vegum h&#246;f&#240; sem l&#237;fsnau&#240;synleg t&#230;ki til a&#240; tryggja afkomu h&#243;psins.</span></p><p><span>Skyldleiki Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna vi&#240; a&#240;ra evr&#243;pska vei&#240;imenn g&#230;ti einnig hj&#225;lpa&#240; til vi&#240; a&#240; sk&#253;ra hvers vegna erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ileg bl&#246;ndun var&#240; &#237; Evr&#243;pu, en s&#237;&#240;ur &#237; As&#237;u &#8212; &#254;ar sem myndu&#240;ust str&#246;ng st&#233;ttakerfi (e. </span><em><span>caste </span></em><span>/ skr. </span><em><span>varna</span></em><span>) sem h&#233;ldu ind&#243;evr&#243;pskri yfirst&#233;tt a&#240;skildri fr&#225; &#246;&#240;rum h&#243;pum &#237; &#254;&#250;sundir &#225;ra &#8212; allt fram &#225; okkar daga.</span></p><p><strong><span>Arfleif&#240;</span></strong><span><br>Lj&#243;st er a&#240; evr&#243;pskar &#254;j&#243;&#240;ir rekja r&#233;ttarfar, gildismat og menningu a&#240; miklu leyti til Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna. H&#233;r &#225; &#205;slandi sj&#225;um vi&#240; sk&#253;rustu leifarnar af &#254;essari fornu heimsmynd; &#237; norr&#230;nni go&#240;afr&#230;&#240;i og si&#240;um v&#237;kinga var &#230;&#240;sti hei&#240;urinn a&#240; deyja me&#240; s&#230;md &#237; orrustu og tryggja s&#233;r &#254;annig g&#243;&#240;an or&#240;st&#237;r sem deyr aldrei. &#205;slensk tunga er l&#237;ka eitt elsta lifandi tungum&#225;l Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna. &#205;slensk menning rekur &#254;annig r&#243;t s&#237;na samfellt til hins forna f&#243;stbr&#230;&#240;ralags sl&#233;ttunnar.</span><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-21" href="#footnote-21" target="_self">21</a></p><div><hr></div><p><strong><span>Umr&#230;&#240;a</span></strong><span><br>A&#240; &#254;essu s&#246;g&#240;u telur h&#246;fundur mikilv&#230;gt a&#240; staldra vi&#240; og gera s&#233;r grein fyrir a&#240; hvorki &#205;slendingar n&#233; a&#240;rir Evr&#243;pumenn eru hreinir Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn heldur blanda af b&#230;ndum og vei&#240;im&#246;nnum &#8212; b&#230;&#240;i vestr&#230;num vei&#240;im&#246;nnum og austr&#230;num vei&#240;im&#246;nnum sem v&#243;ru forfe&#240;ur Yamnaya.</span></p><p><span>Einnig bendir margt til a&#240; s&#250; gagnkv&#230;mni og einstaklingshyggja sem Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn kynntu til s&#246;gunar &#225; brons&#246;ld hafi veri&#240; h&#246;mru&#240; til jafnt &#237; erf&#240;amengi allra vei&#240;imanna &#237; Evr&#243;pu &#225; &#237;s&#246;ld. Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn &#254;r&#243;u&#240;u &#254;essa einstaklingshyggju &#225;fram, en &#254;eir, eins og a&#240;rir vei&#240;imenn, spruttu &#250;r h&#243;pum &#254;ar sem sj&#225;lfst&#230;&#240;i einstaklingsins og f&#233;lagshyggja voru samofin &#237; samf&#233;l&#246;g sem bygg&#240;ust &#225; gagnkv&#230;mu trausti &#254;ar sem or&#240;spor var d&#253;rm&#230;tasti gjaldmi&#240;ilinn.</span></p><p><span>Ni&#240;ursta&#240;a h&#246;fundar er a&#240; undirr&#243;t evr&#243;pskar menningar s&#233; einst&#246;k, og a&#240; m&#246;rgu leyti </span><em><span>frj&#225;lslynd,</span></em><span> skapger&#240; sem</span> &#254;r&#243;a&#240;ist vi&#240; &#243;bl&#237;&#240;ar a&#240;st&#230;&#240;ur &#225; &#237;s&#246;ld. Skapger&#240; sem kristallast &#237; &#8212; oft m&#243;tsagnakenndum &#8212; hugsj&#243;num n&#250;t&#237;ma Evr&#243;pumanna um frelsi einstaklingsins, jafnr&#230;&#240;i og samst&#246;&#240;u<span>.</span></p><p><span>S&#233;rsta&#240;a l&#237;fsvi&#240;horfs evr&#243;pumanna endurspeglast sk&#253;rt &#237; einkunnaror&#240;um fr&#246;nsku byltingarinnar:</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-QeN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bfe1a13-3b71-4009-ab4a-e2ae68b7ab7a_2880x1231.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-QeN!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bfe1a13-3b71-4009-ab4a-e2ae68b7ab7a_2880x1231.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-QeN!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bfe1a13-3b71-4009-ab4a-e2ae68b7ab7a_2880x1231.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-QeN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bfe1a13-3b71-4009-ab4a-e2ae68b7ab7a_2880x1231.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-QeN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bfe1a13-3b71-4009-ab4a-e2ae68b7ab7a_2880x1231.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>A&#240; mati h&#246;fundar eru sl&#237;k byltingaror&#240; </span><strong><span>varnaror&#240; </span></strong><span>&#225; n&#250;t&#237;ma: </span></p><ul><li><p><span>&#205; fyrsta lagi hafa sl&#237;kar hugsj&#243;nir veri&#240; uppspretta deilna og bl&#243;&#240;ugra styrjalda, &#254;ar sem Evr&#243;pumenn hafa barist um t&#250;lkun &#254;eirra og r&#233;ttinn til a&#240; framkv&#230;ma &#254;&#230;r &#237; verki. </span></p></li><li><p><span>&#205; &#246;&#240;ru lagi gengur s&#250; tr&#250; a&#240; hverjum sem er s&#233; frj&#225;lst, &#243;h&#225;&#240; uppruna, a&#240; taka upp vestr&#230;na menningu &#237; berh&#246;gg vi&#240; &#254;&#225; v&#237;sindalegu sta&#240;reynd a&#240; &#254;j&#243;&#240;ir og kyn&#254;&#230;ttir eru ekki rokgj&#246;rn hugmyndafr&#230;&#240;i heldur fastm&#243;tu&#240; fyrirb&#230;ri sem st&#253;rast af l&#237;ffr&#230;&#240;ilegum &#254;&#225;ttum dj&#250;prar s&#246;gu. </span></p></li><li><p>&#205; &#254;ri&#240;ja lagi hefur stj&#243;rnlaus einstaklingshyggja grafi&#240; undan samheldni vestr&#230;nna &#254;j&#243;&#240;a og auki&#240; firringu me&#240;al ungs f&#243;lks, sem t&#253;nist &#237; r&#243;tlausu fj&#225;rm&#225;lakerfi n&#250;t&#237;mans.<span> </span></p></li></ul><p><span>Evr&#243;psk gagnkv&#230;mni og hugsj&#243;nir um frelsi einstaklings eru &#254;annig &#237; senn lykilinn a&#240; </span><strong><span>velgengni </span></strong><span>og </span><strong><span>tilvistarvanda </span></strong><span>Vesturlanda &#8212; hi&#240; s&#237;&#240;arnefnda s&#233;rstaklega svo &#225; &#254;otu&#246;ld &#254;ar sem skilvirkni f&#243;lksflutninga er &#237; algleymi. </span></p><p><span>Til a&#240; enda &#225; bjartari n&#243;tum eru lesendur vara&#240;ir vi&#240; a&#240; skilja greiningu m&#237;na sem svo a&#240; Evr&#243;pa s&#233; forfallin &#237; frj&#225;lslyndu sj&#225;lfskaparv&#237;ti. Frj&#225;lslyndi er r&#243;f, &#254;ar sem Evr&#243;pumenn skora vissulega lengst allra manna, en sagan s&#253;nir a&#240; Evr&#243;pumenn eiga s&#233;r l&#237;ka sterkt &#230;ttarland og &#254;ar me&#240; bur&#240; til a&#240; bjarga sj&#225;lfum s&#233;r. </span></p><p><strong><span>EN </span></strong><span>til &#254;ess a&#240; ma&#240;ur bjargi s&#233;r, fr&#225; sj&#225;lfum s&#233;r, &#254;arf ma&#240;ur a&#240; skilja sj&#225;lfan sig. &#222;a&#240; er &#254;v&#237; verkefni komandi kynsl&#243;&#240;a a&#240; &#225;tta sig a&#240; v&#225;gestur Vesturlanda er ekki a&#240;eins utankomandi hugmyndafr&#230;&#240;i hins alr&#230;mda ,</span><em><span>v&#243;kisma</span></em><span>&#8216; heldur l&#237;ka &#243;stj&#243;rn eigin e&#240;lishvata </span>&#8212;<span> sem hneigjast til frj&#225;lslyndis &#8212; frj&#225;lslyndis sem st&#253;rir gervallri hugmyndafr&#230;&#240;i Vesturlanda fr&#225; h&#230;gri til vinstri.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CGZN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6caad536-fb4c-486d-ad6d-356d8e9c3841_1199x697.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CGZN!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6caad536-fb4c-486d-ad6d-356d8e9c3841_1199x697.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CGZN!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6caad536-fb4c-486d-ad6d-356d8e9c3841_1199x697.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CGZN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6caad536-fb4c-486d-ad6d-356d8e9c3841_1199x697.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CGZN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6caad536-fb4c-486d-ad6d-356d8e9c3841_1199x697.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CGZN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6caad536-fb4c-486d-ad6d-356d8e9c3841_1199x697.jpeg" width="1199" height="697" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CGZN!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6caad536-fb4c-486d-ad6d-356d8e9c3841_1199x697.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CGZN!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6caad536-fb4c-486d-ad6d-356d8e9c3841_1199x697.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CGZN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6caad536-fb4c-486d-ad6d-356d8e9c3841_1199x697.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CGZN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6caad536-fb4c-486d-ad6d-356d8e9c3841_1199x697.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#8222;<em>&#222;ekktu sj&#225;lfan &#254;ig</em>&#8220; kva&#240; &#225;letrun &#225; hofi Apollons &#254;ar sem v&#233;fr&#233;ttin &#237; Delf&#237; veitti m&#246;nnum heilr&#230;&#240;i fr&#225; gu&#240;unum.</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>L&#230;kkandi f&#230;&#240;ingart&#237;&#240;ni og stj&#243;rnleysi &#237; &#250;tlendingam&#225;lum hafa n&#250; &#254;r&#253;st evr&#243;pskum &#254;j&#243;&#240;um &#225; ystu &#254;r&#246;m ey&#240;ingar og vestr&#230;nar hugsj&#243;nir um frelsi, jafnr&#233;tti og l&#253;&#240;r&#230;&#240;i munu br&#225;tt hverfa &#237; fyrndina ef ekkert ver&#240;ur a&#240; gert.</span></p><p><span>Bj&#246;rgunarstarfi&#240; hefst &#254;egar Evr&#243;pumenn &#225;tta sig loks &#225; a&#240; vestr&#230;n einstaklingshyggja er einst&#246;k, erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ileg og krefst vandlegrar stj&#243;rnunar &#237; hnattv&#230;ddum heimi.</span></p><p><span>G.<br>M&#253;ras&#253;sla, 2026</span></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Haak, Wolfgang, o.fl. &#8220;</span><a href="https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/nature14317.pdf">Massive Migration from the Steppe Was a Source for Indo-European Languages in Europe.</a><span>&#8221; </span><em>Nature</em><span> 522 (2015): 207&#8211;211.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Sherratt, Andrew. &#8220;</span><a href="https://www.scribd.com/document/796506344/Sherratt-1981">Plough and Pastoralism: Aspects of the Secondary Products Revolution.</a><span>&#8221; &#205; </span><em>Pattern of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clarke</em><span>, ritstj. Ian Hodder, Glynn Isaac og Norman Hammond, 261&#8211;305. 1981.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Anthony, David W. </span><em>The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</em><span>. 2007, bls. 112.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Anthony, </span><em>The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</em><span>, bls. 101.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Anthony, </span><em>The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</em><span>, bls. 311.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Piffer, Davide. &#8220;Why Were the Yamnaya So Successful? An Evolutionary Polygenic Approach.&#8221; <em>Mankind Quarterly</em> 65, nr. 4 (2025): 1&#8211;23.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Kristiansen, Kristian og Thomas B. Larsson. </span><em><a href="https://assets.cambridge.org/052184/3634/frontmatter/0521843634_frontmatter.htm">The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformation</a><span>s</span></em><span>. 2005.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Duchesne, Ricardo. </span><em>The Uniqueness of Western Civilization</em><span>. 2011.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-9" href="#footnote-anchor-9" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">9</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Mallory, J. P. &#8220;</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1163/157407706778942312">Indo-European Warfare.</a><span>&#8221; &#205; </span><em>War and Sacrifice: Studies in the Archaeology of Conflict</em><span>, ritstj. Tony Pollard og Iain Banks. 2007.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-10" href="#footnote-anchor-10" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">10</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Wittfogel, Karl A. <em>Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power</em>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-11" href="#footnote-anchor-11" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">11</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Anthony, <em>The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</em>, bls. 238, 303, 343.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-12" href="#footnote-anchor-12" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">12</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Hipp&#243;krates. &#8220;Airs, Waters, Places&#8221; [<em>De aere, aquis et locis</em>]. &#205; <em>Hippocrates, Volume I: Ancient Medicine. Airs, Waters, Places. Epidemics 1 and 3</em>, &#254;&#253;&#240;. W. H. S. Jones. London: William Heinemann, 1923.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-13" href="#footnote-anchor-13" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">13</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Dum&#233;zil, Georges. </span><em>Mythe et &#201;pop&#233;e I&#8211;III</em><span>. 1968&#8211;1973</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-14" href="#footnote-anchor-14" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">14</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Kuz&#8217;mina, Elena E. &#8220;</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004731851_006">The Archaeology and Genetics of Indo-Iranian Prehistory</a><span>.&#8221; &#205; </span><em>The Indo-Europeans from the Homeland to the Historical Perspectives</em><span>, ritstj. Birgit Anette Olsen, Thomas Olander og Kristian Kristiansen. 2022.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-15" href="#footnote-anchor-15" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">15</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Drews, Robert. </span><em>Militarism and the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe</em><span>. 2017.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-16" href="#footnote-anchor-16" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">16</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><span>Haak, Wolfgang, o.fl. &#8220;</span><a href="https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/nature14317.pdf">Massive Migration from the Steppe Was a Source for Indo-European Languages in Europe.</a><span>&#8221; 2015, mynd 3.</span></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-17" href="#footnote-anchor-17" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">17</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><em>H&#225;vam&#225;l</em>, v&#237;sa 42.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-18" href="#footnote-anchor-18" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">18</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Erik Gustaf Geijer, &#8220;Feudalism and Republicanism&#8221; (an essay in Freedom in Sweden: Selected Works of Erik Gustaf Geijer</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-19" href="#footnote-anchor-19" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">19</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Forsythe, Gary. <em>A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War</em>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-20" href="#footnote-anchor-20" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">20</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><em>The Visigothic Code</em> [<em>Forum judicum</em>], ritstj. og &#254;&#253;&#240;. S. P. Scott. Boston: Boston Book Company, 1910.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-21" href="#footnote-anchor-21" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">21</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><em>H&#225;vam&#225;l</em>, v&#237;sa 76.</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Uppruni Evrópumanna]]></title><description><![CDATA[Hver erum vi&#240;, hva&#240;an komum vi&#240; og hvernig h&#246;fum vi&#240; &#254;r&#243;ast undanfarin 50 &#254;&#250;sund &#225;r?]]></description><link>https://www.opinaugu.is/p/uppruni-evropumanna</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.opinaugu.is/p/uppruni-evropumanna</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Gottskálk]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 16:50:30 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7223859a-0b46-4c67-9de6-c872d424ec72_1302x693.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>H&#233;r ver&#240;ur stikla&#240; &#225; st&#243;ru um uppruna Evr&#243;pub&#250;a. Tilgangurinn me&#240; svo v&#237;&#240;fe&#240;mri yfirfer&#240; er a&#240; sporna vi&#240; &#254;eirri tilhneigingu fr&#230;&#240;imanna a&#240; l&#237;ta &#225; s&#246;gu Evr&#243;pu sem t&#237;mabil sem h&#243;fst um 1000 f. Kr. &#8212; &#254;ar sem okkur er kennt a&#240; saga Evr&#243;pu hafi byrja&#240; me&#240; gull&#246;ld Grikklands og risi R&#243;maveldis. R&#237;kjandi s&#246;gusko&#240;un afskrifar &#254;annig t&#237;mann 1000 f. Kr. sem t&#237;mabil &#237; s&#246;gu mannkyns sem einkenndist af &#8222;steinaldarvillimennsku&#8220; sem haf&#240;i l&#237;til &#225;hrif &#225; &#254;a&#240; hver vi&#240; erum &#237; dag.</p><p>N&#250;t&#237;ma erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;i s&#253;nir hins vegar a&#240; sl&#237;k s&#246;gusko&#240;un s&#233; ekki &#246;ll me&#240; felldu. Me&#240; &#254;v&#237; a&#240; ra&#240;greina forn erf&#240;amengi hafa v&#237;sindamenn afhj&#250;pa&#240; 50 &#254;&#250;sund &#225;ra samfellda s&#246;gu sem s&#253;nir hvernig vi&#240; h&#246;fum byggt og b&#250;i&#240; &#237; Evr&#243;pu undanfarin 50 &#254;&#250;sund &#225;r. &#222;etta er dramat&#237;sk saga a&#240;l&#246;gunar og bar&#225;ttu mannsins vi&#240; h&#225;skalegt umhverfi, bar&#225;ttu sem gerir Evr&#243;pumenn a&#240; &#254;v&#237; f&#243;lki sem &#254;a&#240; er &#237; dag.</p><p>En n&#243;g um fr&#230;&#240;ilegan fyrirsl&#225;tt; vindum okkur &#237; efni&#240;.</p><h3><strong>SVI&#208;I&#208;</strong></h3><p>&#193;&#240;ur en lengra er haldi&#240; er gott a&#240; &#225;tta sig &#225; samhenginu og &#254;v&#237; jar&#240;s&#246;gulega svi&#240;i sem <em>Homo sapiens</em> st&#237;gur fram &#225;. Umhverfi&#240; sem ma&#240;urinn m&#243;ta&#240;ist &#237; er &#237;s&#246;ldin sem kennd er vi&#240; Pleist&#243;sen-t&#237;mabil kvartert&#237;ma. &#222;a&#240; hefur sta&#240;i&#240; yfir s&#237;&#240;ustu tv&#230;r millj&#243;nir &#225;ra og skiptist &#237; j&#246;kul- og hl&#253;skei&#240; &#254;ar sem j&#246;klar hafa gengi&#240; fram og aftur. &#193; &#254;essum t&#237;ma t&#243;k n&#225;tt&#250;rufar, s&#233;rstaklega &#225; nor&#240;urhveli jar&#240;ar, oft &#246;rum og miklum breytingum. Vi&#240; lifum n&#250; &#225; hl&#253;skei&#240;i sem er kennt vi&#240; H&#243;l&#243;sen.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VNkp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d7ba2a6-56e1-43c0-9874-2a3543a38de2_1774x887.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VNkp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d7ba2a6-56e1-43c0-9874-2a3543a38de2_1774x887.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VNkp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d7ba2a6-56e1-43c0-9874-2a3543a38de2_1774x887.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VNkp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d7ba2a6-56e1-43c0-9874-2a3543a38de2_1774x887.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VNkp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d7ba2a6-56e1-43c0-9874-2a3543a38de2_1774x887.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VNkp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d7ba2a6-56e1-43c0-9874-2a3543a38de2_1774x887.png" width="1456" height="728" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8d7ba2a6-56e1-43c0-9874-2a3543a38de2_1774x887.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:728,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1252004,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.opinaugu.is/i/198534967?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d7ba2a6-56e1-43c0-9874-2a3543a38de2_1774x887.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VNkp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d7ba2a6-56e1-43c0-9874-2a3543a38de2_1774x887.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VNkp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d7ba2a6-56e1-43c0-9874-2a3543a38de2_1774x887.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VNkp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d7ba2a6-56e1-43c0-9874-2a3543a38de2_1774x887.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VNkp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d7ba2a6-56e1-43c0-9874-2a3543a38de2_1774x887.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#193; t&#237;mabilinu fr&#225; &#254;v&#237; fyrir einni millj&#243;n &#225;ra og fram til fyrir 50 &#254;&#250;sund &#225;rum var j&#246;r&#240;in bygg&#240; fj&#246;lbreyttum h&#243;pum frummanna. <em>Homo erectus</em> og <em>Homo heidelbergensis</em> h&#246;f&#240;u brei&#240;st &#250;t um Evras&#237;u fyrir um 700 &#254;&#250;sund &#225;rum, en s&#225; s&#237;&#240;arnefndi er einmitt talinn sameiginlegur forfa&#240;ir okkar og Neanderdalsmanna. &#222;r&#243;unarsagan var &#225; &#254;essum t&#237;ma mikill su&#240;upottur; sumar tegundir hafa fundist vi&#240; fornleifauppgr&#246;ft, l&#237;kt og hinn sm&#225;vaxni <em>Homo floresiensis</em>, en v&#237;sbendingar um tilvist annarra h&#246;fum vi&#240; fundi&#240; me&#240; &#254;v&#237; a&#240; r&#253;na &#237; erf&#240;amengi n&#250;t&#237;mamanna gegnum n&#253;st&#225;rlegar t&#246;lfr&#230;&#240;igreiningar.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a></p><h4><strong>&#218;t &#250;r Afr&#237;ku?</strong></h4><p>Elstu kuml l&#237;ffr&#230;&#240;ilegra n&#250;t&#237;mamanna eru &#8776;300.000 &#225;ra og fundust &#237; Marokk&#243; &#237; Nor&#240;ur-Afr&#237;ku. Oft er &#254;v&#237; tala&#240; um &#8218;&#250;tg&#246;ngu &#250;r Afr&#237;ku&#8216; &#237; eint&#246;lu, en &#254;a&#240; hugtak er d&#225;l&#237;ti&#240; villandi &#254;ar sem vi&#240; vitum a&#240; d&#253;r og frummenn hafa flust &#225; milli Evras&#237;u og Afr&#237;ku s&#237;&#240;ustu fimm millj&#243;nir &#225;ra. &#222;a&#240; sem er &#254;&#243; &#243;tv&#237;r&#230;tt er a&#240; fyrir 50 til 100 &#254;&#250;sund &#225;rum voru l&#237;ffr&#230;&#240;ilegir n&#250;t&#237;mamenn &#225; sveimi &#237; Mi&#240;austurl&#246;ndum, &#225; sv&#230;&#240;i sem teyg&#240;i sig fr&#225; Nor&#240;ur-Afr&#237;ku alla lei&#240; til &#205;rans og farnir a&#240; gera tilraun til landn&#225;ms &#237; Evras&#237;u.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a></p><p>&#211;v&#237;st er hvort &#254;essir menn hafi veri&#240; ni&#240;jar manna sem v&#243;ru alfari&#240; bundnir vi&#240; Afr&#237;ku, e&#240;a hvort &#254;r&#243;un &#254;eirra hafi &#225;tt s&#233;r sta&#240; jafnt &#237; Afr&#237;ku og &#237; Evras&#237;u. Burts&#233;&#240; fr&#225; &#254;v&#237;, &#254;&#225; n&#225;&#240;i &#246;rl&#237;till h&#243;pur n&#250;t&#237;mamanna a&#240; festa r&#230;tur &#237; Evras&#237;u fyrir um fimmt&#237;u &#254;&#250;sund &#225;rum og ur&#240;u &#254;ar me&#240; forfe&#240;ur allra &#254;eirra sem byggja heiminn utan Afr&#237;ku &#237; dag.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a></p><p>&#222;etta fer&#240;alag markar &#254;annig ekki a&#240;eins upphaf landn&#225;ms manna um heim allann, heldur h&#243;fst h&#233;r miki&#240; umbrotaskei&#240; &#237; &#254;r&#243;unars&#246;gu mannkyns. &#193; &#254;essum t&#237;ma t&#243;k mannkyni&#240; a&#240; greinast &#237; &#254;&#225; grunnstofna sem n&#225;mu land &#237; &#243;l&#237;kum heims&#225;lfum og gengu &#237; gegnum &#254;&#225; gerjun n&#225;tt&#250;ruvals og &#254;r&#243;unar sem m&#243;ta&#240;i kyn&#254;&#230;tti og &#254;j&#243;&#240;ir n&#250;t&#237;mans.</p><h4><strong>Fer&#240;alagi&#240;</strong></h4><p>Til a&#240; skilja uppruna okkar er hentugt a&#240; l&#237;ta &#225; Mi&#240;austurl&#246;nd sem nokkurs konar bi&#240;sal mannkyns. Fyrir um 50.000 &#225;rum greinast menn &#254;ar &#237; tvo stofna:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Basal-Evras&#237;ub&#250;ar:</strong> Erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ileg skilgreining &#225; h&#243;pi sem var&#240; eftir &#237; Mi&#240;austurl&#246;ndum. &#222;eir bl&#246;ndu&#240;ust l&#237;ti&#240; sem ekkert &#246;&#240;rum frumm&#246;nnum og bera &#254;v&#237; ekki Neanderdals-gen eins og a&#240;rir h&#243;par manna utan Afr&#237;ku. Basal-Evras&#237;ub&#250;ar eru forfe&#240;ur landb&#250;na&#240;ar&#254;j&#243;&#240;a &#237; frj&#243;sama h&#225;lfm&#225;nanum sem og Mi&#240;austurlanda-&#254;j&#243;&#240;a n&#250;t&#237;mans.</p></li><li><p><strong>Landnemar:</strong> Menn sem l&#246;g&#240;u land undir f&#243;t og bl&#246;ndu&#240;ust Neanderdalsm&#246;nnum &#225; lei&#240; sinni um Evras&#237;u.</p></li></ol><p>H&#243;pur landnema sem blanda&#240;ist Neanderdalsm&#246;nnum kv&#237;sla&#240;ist svo enn frekar. Forfe&#240;ur frumbyggja &#193;stral&#237;u voru fyrstir til a&#240; halda &#237; &#225;tt til As&#237;u, &#254;ar sem &#254;eir bl&#246;ndu&#240;ust einnig Denisova-frumm&#246;nnum &#225;&#240;ur en &#254;eir n&#225;&#240;u til Eyja&#225;lfu.</p><p>Eftir var&#240; svo h&#243;pur sem klofna&#240;i &#237; tvo grunnstofna: <strong>Austur-Evras&#237;ub&#250;a</strong> (&#237;b&#250;a Austur-As&#237;u og Amer&#237;ku) og <strong>Vestur-Evras&#237;ub&#250;a</strong>, sem s&#237;&#240;ar n&#225;mu land &#237; vestur og mi&#240;-Evr&#243;pu. &#222;essir h&#243;par myndu&#240;u &#254;annig grunn a&#240; &#254;eim &#254;j&#243;&#240;um og kyn&#254;&#225;ttum sem vi&#240; &#254;ekkjum &#237; dag sem As&#237;ub&#250;a, frumbyggja Amer&#237;ku og Evr&#243;pumenn.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GDoi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd568ed9a-ae98-45c6-af72-2e92b20de3e1_1672x941.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GDoi!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd568ed9a-ae98-45c6-af72-2e92b20de3e1_1672x941.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GDoi!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd568ed9a-ae98-45c6-af72-2e92b20de3e1_1672x941.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GDoi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd568ed9a-ae98-45c6-af72-2e92b20de3e1_1672x941.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GDoi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd568ed9a-ae98-45c6-af72-2e92b20de3e1_1672x941.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GDoi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd568ed9a-ae98-45c6-af72-2e92b20de3e1_1672x941.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GDoi!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd568ed9a-ae98-45c6-af72-2e92b20de3e1_1672x941.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GDoi!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd568ed9a-ae98-45c6-af72-2e92b20de3e1_1672x941.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GDoi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd568ed9a-ae98-45c6-af72-2e92b20de3e1_1672x941.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GDoi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd568ed9a-ae98-45c6-af72-2e92b20de3e1_1672x941.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#222;essi grein mun a&#240; mestu skor&#240;ast vi&#240; grunnstofn Vestur-Evras&#237;ub&#250;a sem nam land &#237; Nor&#240;ur- og Mi&#240;-Evr&#243;pu og mynda&#240;i undirst&#246;&#240;una a&#240; &#237;b&#250;um Evr&#243;pu &#237; dag. &#222;&#243;tt saga annarra heimshluta, svo sem As&#237;u og &#193;stral&#237;u, s&#233; s&#237;st minna merkileg, ver&#240;ur h&#250;n a&#240; b&#237;&#240;a seinni t&#237;ma. H&#233;r ver&#240;ur sj&#243;num beint a&#240; 50.000 &#225;ra s&#246;gu sem sk&#243;p n&#250;t&#237;ma Evr&#243;pumenn.</p><h4><strong>Landn&#225;m Evras&#237;u &#8222;Miklihvellur&#8220; hugans</strong></h4><p>&#222;r&#225;tt fyrir a&#240; Homo sapiens hafi veri&#240; til &#237; t&#230;p 250 &#254;&#250;sund &#225;r fyrir 50 &#254;&#250;sund &#225;rum haf&#240;i t&#230;knin l&#237;ti&#240; breyst &#225; &#254;eim t&#237;ma. Verkf&#230;ri voru einf&#246;ld &#237; sm&#237;&#240;um og l&#237;ti&#240; b&#243;la&#240;i &#225; fl&#243;knu hugarfari e&#240;a t&#225;knr&#230;nni listsk&#246;pun. En &#254;egar landnemar Evr&#243;pu, afkv&#230;mi Homo sapiens og Neanderdalsmanna gengu inn fyrir dyr veraldar &#237;ss og har&#240;lyndis Evr&#243;pu fyrir fimmt&#237;u &#254;&#250;sund &#225;rum ger&#240;ist eitthva&#240; sem fornleifafr&#230;&#240;ingar hafa l&#253;st sem <strong>miklahvelli </strong>hugans. &#193; n&#225;nast einni n&#243;ttu, &#225; jar&#240;fr&#230;&#240;ilegum m&#230;likvar&#240;a, sj&#225;um vi&#240; skyndileg hamskipti &#237; sta&#240; h&#230;gfara &#254;r&#243;unar &#254;ar sem verkf&#230;ri og t&#230;kni t&#243;k meiri breytingum &#225; einu &#225;r&#254;&#250;sundi en gerst haf&#240;i &#225; millj&#243;n &#225;rum &#254;ar &#225; undan. Vi&#240; sj&#225;um fl&#243;knar h&#246;ggmyndir, st&#243;rfengleg hellam&#225;lverk og t&#230;kni&#254;r&#243;un sem ger&#240;i m&#246;nnum kleift a&#240; ekki bara lifa af, heldur bl&#243;mstra &#237; &#246;r&#230;fum Nor&#240;ur-S&#237;ber&#237;u.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a></p><h4><strong>&#193;grip: Menningarheimar Evr&#243;pu fyrir 43,000 - 33,000 &#225;rum s&#237;&#240;an</strong></h4><h5 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Fyrir um &#254;a&#240; bil 40.000 &#225;rum h&#243;fst merkilegt skei&#240; &#237; s&#246;gu Evr&#243;pu &#254;ar sem tv&#230;r &#243;l&#237;kar menningarbylgjur f&#243;ru a&#240; m&#243;tast hvor s&#237;num megin &#237; &#225;lfunni. Annars vegar Aurignac-menningin, sem bl&#243;mstra&#240;i &#237; su&#240;vestri og er &#254;ekktust fyrir f&#225;ga&#240;a myndlist og hins vegar undanfari svokalla&#240;ar Gravettian-menningar &#237; austri, en Gravettian-menningin bo&#240;a&#240;i n&#253;ja t&#230;kni &#237; ger&#240; verkf&#230;ra og f&#233;lagslegs skipulags.</strong></h5><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p><strong>Aurignac menningin<br></strong>Aurignac-menningin dreif&#240;ist um Vestur- og Mi&#240;-Evr&#243;pu fyrir um 40.000 &#225;rum, og breiddi &#250;r s&#233;r &#225; sv&#230;&#240;um sem j&#246;kullinn &#254;akti ekki. Helstu mi&#240;st&#246;&#240;var Aurignac menningar voru &#237; Su&#240;ur-Frakklandi, Nor&#240;ur-Sp&#225;ni og me&#240;fram D&#243;n&#225;, en &#254;ar bj&#243; f&#243;lki&#240; &#237; skj&#243;li klettaveggja og hellisopum &#237; n&#225;l&#230;g&#240; vi&#240; gj&#246;ful vei&#240;isv&#230;&#240;i.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TBim!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd93beb9a-f717-4cfd-bb7d-e148e1328f4d_1672x941.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#222;a&#240; sem gerir Aurignac menninguna einstaka &#237; s&#246;gu mannkyns eru st&#243;rkostlegar framfarir &#237; listr&#230;nni tj&#225;ningu; skyndilega birtast meistaraverk eins og hellam&#225;lverkin &#237; Chauvet og f&#225;ga&#240;ir f&#237;labeinsgripir eins og hinn dularfulli &#8222;lj&#243;nsma&#240;ur&#8220; og jafnvel v&#237;sar a&#240; notkun ritm&#225;ls. &#222;&#243;tt listin s&#233; h&#225;punkturinn var t&#230;knin undirsta&#240;an en Aurignac-menn voru frumkv&#246;&#240;lar &#237; a&#240; b&#250;a til l&#246;ng og mj&#243; steinbl&#246;&#240; sem voru s&#233;rh&#230;f&#240; verkf&#230;ri, auk &#254;ess sem &#254;au h&#243;fu kerfisbundna framlei&#240;slu &#225; klofnum beinfleygum til a&#240; nota sem spj&#243;tsodda. &#222;essi n&#253;st&#225;rlega sam&#254;&#230;tting listr&#230;nnar snilldar og h&#225;&#254;r&#243;a&#240;s i&#240;na&#240;ar undirstrikar hvernig fl&#243;kin og t&#225;knr&#230;n hugsun vir&#240;ist hafa losna&#240; &#250;r l&#230;&#240;ingi og gert m&#246;nnum kleift a&#240; sj&#225; heiminn &#237; n&#253;ju lj&#243;si.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!li4r!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0298d963-bd5a-4cfa-88ea-c4d382642698_1672x941.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!li4r!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0298d963-bd5a-4cfa-88ea-c4d382642698_1672x941.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!li4r!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0298d963-bd5a-4cfa-88ea-c4d382642698_1672x941.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!li4r!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0298d963-bd5a-4cfa-88ea-c4d382642698_1672x941.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!li4r!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0298d963-bd5a-4cfa-88ea-c4d382642698_1672x941.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Fornleifafr&#230;&#240;ingarnir Brian Hayden og Clive Gamble hafa l&#253;st frumbyggjum Evr&#243;pu sem samf&#233;lagi sem m&#243;ta&#240;ist vi&#240; harkaleg skilyr&#240;i &#237;saldar &#254;ar sem samvinna var ekki val heldur l&#237;fsnau&#240;syn, og &#254;ar sem sj&#225;lfst&#230;&#240;i einstaklingsins var &#237; fyrirr&#250;mi. Harkalegt umhverfi &#237;saldar gaf l&#237;ti&#240; r&#253;mi fyrir mi&#240;st&#253;r&#240;a forr&#230;&#240;ishyggju og &#254;ess &#237; sta&#240; voru einstakir h&#230;fileikar hvers og eins n&#253;ttir til hins &#253;trasta til a&#240; tryggja afkomu h&#243;psins.</figcaption></figure></div><p><strong>Gravettian-menningin<br></strong>Gravettian-menningin &#254;r&#243;a&#240;ist samhli&#240;a og t&#243;k &#225; endanum vi&#240; af Aurignac-t&#237;mabilinu og n&#225;&#240;i yfir gr&#237;&#240;arst&#243;rt sv&#230;&#240;i, allt fr&#225; vestur Frakklandi til austur R&#250;sslands. &#193; me&#240;an Aurignac-menningin einkenndist af n&#253;sk&#246;pun &#237; t&#225;knr&#230;nni tj&#225;ningu, &#254;&#225; f&#230;r&#240;ist &#254;ungami&#240;ja Gravettian f&#243;lksins yfir &#237; t&#230;kni, t&#243;l og f&#233;lagslegt skipulag. Gravettian menn voru s&#233;rfr&#230;&#240;ingar &#237; vei&#240;um &#225; st&#243;rum d&#253;rum, s&#233;rstaklega v&#237;sundum og mamm&#250;tum, og &#237; austri (&#225; sl&#243;&#240;um n&#250;t&#237;ma &#218;kra&#237;nu) reisti f&#243;lk s&#233;r merkilegar vistaverur &#250;r mamm&#250;tbeinum. Sl&#237;k skipulagsh&#230;fni bendir til aukinnar getu til a&#240; geyma hluti &#237; minni (e. working memory), sem n&#253;ttist &#237; fl&#243;kna h&#243;pvinnu og langt&#237;ma&#225;&#230;tlanir.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5c8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fd6ba23-def2-4815-87cd-9af0d2702a1b_1672x941.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5c8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fd6ba23-def2-4815-87cd-9af0d2702a1b_1672x941.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5c8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fd6ba23-def2-4815-87cd-9af0d2702a1b_1672x941.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5c8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fd6ba23-def2-4815-87cd-9af0d2702a1b_1672x941.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5c8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fd6ba23-def2-4815-87cd-9af0d2702a1b_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5c8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fd6ba23-def2-4815-87cd-9af0d2702a1b_1672x941.png" width="1456" height="819" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5c8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fd6ba23-def2-4815-87cd-9af0d2702a1b_1672x941.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5c8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fd6ba23-def2-4815-87cd-9af0d2702a1b_1672x941.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5c8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fd6ba23-def2-4815-87cd-9af0d2702a1b_1672x941.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y5c8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1fd6ba23-def2-4815-87cd-9af0d2702a1b_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Helsta t&#230;knin&#253;jung &#254;eirra var svokalla&#240;ur Gravette-oddi; mj&#243; steinbl&#246;&#240; me&#240; beittum oddi en slj&#243;u baki, sem ger&#240;i &#254;eim kleift a&#240; festa &#254;au &#225; sk&#246;ft af n&#225;kv&#230;mni. Gravettian menningin hefur stundum veri&#240; kalla&#240; t&#237;mabil &#8222;verkfr&#230;&#240;ingsins&#8220; &#237; forn&#246;ld, &#254;ar sem framlei&#240;sla &#225; &#246;rsm&#225;um steinbl&#246;&#240;um og f&#225;ga&#240;ri vei&#240;it&#230;kni var&#240; a&#240; h&#225;&#254;r&#243;u&#240;um i&#240;na&#240;i.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a></p><p>&#222;&#243;tt t&#230;knin hafi veri&#240; &#237; fyrirr&#250;mi, var listin s&#237;st eftirb&#225;tur. Gravettian-menningin er &#254;ekktust fyrir &#8222;list &#225;n landam&#230;ra&#8220;, s&#233;rstaklega hinar fr&#230;gu Venusar-f&#237;g&#250;rur sem hafa fundist v&#237;&#240;svegar um Evr&#243;pu. &#222;essar styttur benda til &#254;ess a&#240; sameiginleg t&#225;knfr&#230;&#240;i hafi tengt a&#240;skilda h&#243;pa yfir &#254;&#250;sundir k&#237;l&#243;metra &#8211;  &#254;ar sem samskipti bygg&#240;u &#225; gagnkv&#230;mni og trausti. Sameiginlegar t&#225;knmyndir voru &#254;annig forsenda &#254;ess trausts sem ger&#240;i f&#243;lki kleift a&#240; eiga &#237; &#246;ruggum samskiptum og finna s&#233;r l&#237;fsf&#246;runaut &#225; v&#237;&#240;fe&#240;mum t&#250;ndrum Evras&#237;u.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-9" href="#footnote-9" target="_self">9</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GRCc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F726cb2f8-df55-4296-8765-a0d72ad3abee_1916x821.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GRCc!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F726cb2f8-df55-4296-8765-a0d72ad3abee_1916x821.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GRCc!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F726cb2f8-df55-4296-8765-a0d72ad3abee_1916x821.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GRCc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F726cb2f8-df55-4296-8765-a0d72ad3abee_1916x821.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GRCc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F726cb2f8-df55-4296-8765-a0d72ad3abee_1916x821.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GRCc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F726cb2f8-df55-4296-8765-a0d72ad3abee_1916x821.png" width="1456" height="624" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GRCc!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F726cb2f8-df55-4296-8765-a0d72ad3abee_1916x821.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GRCc!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F726cb2f8-df55-4296-8765-a0d72ad3abee_1916x821.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GRCc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F726cb2f8-df55-4296-8765-a0d72ad3abee_1916x821.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GRCc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F726cb2f8-df55-4296-8765-a0d72ad3abee_1916x821.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Fornleifar benda til &#254;ess a&#240; &#237; Gravettian-menningin hafi stunda&#240; einkv&#230;ni; sem er hj&#250;skaparskipulag sem stemmir vi&#240; hinn har&#240;a heim &#237;saldar.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-10" href="#footnote-10" target="_self">10</a> Eins og fr&#230;&#240;imennirnir David Geary og Mark Flinn hafa bent &#225; &#254;&#225; bau&#240; vistkerfi&#240; hreinlega ekki upp &#225; &#254;&#225; au&#240;s&#246;fnun sem &#254;arf til a&#240; f&#225;mennur h&#243;pur karla geti drottna&#240; yfir &#246;&#240;rum og teki&#240; s&#233;r marga maka.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-11" href="#footnote-11" target="_self">11</a> &#222;v&#237; m&#225; &#230;tla a&#240; &#225; &#254;essum t&#237;ma hafi veri&#240; lag&#240;ur grunnur a&#240; frummynd kjarnafj&#246;lskyldunnar, sem s&#237;&#240;ar festi sig &#237; sessi sem einkennandi fj&#246;lskyldumynstur &#237; Evr&#243;pu&#8212;andst&#230;tt &#254;ess fj&#246;lskyldumynsturs sem vi&#240; sj&#225;um &#254;r&#243;ast &#237; sunnarri heims&#225;lfum, &#254;ar sem hagst&#230;&#240; n&#225;tt&#250;rug&#230;&#240;i og landb&#250;na&#240;ur lag&#240;i grunn a&#240; fj&#246;lkv&#230;ni og fl&#243;knum &#230;ttarkerfum sem byggja &#225; bl&#243;&#240;tengslum.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-12" href="#footnote-12" target="_self">12</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBpj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F523c5185-5171-4196-85e7-82c582a11afd_1672x941.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBpj!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F523c5185-5171-4196-85e7-82c582a11afd_1672x941.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBpj!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F523c5185-5171-4196-85e7-82c582a11afd_1672x941.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBpj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F523c5185-5171-4196-85e7-82c582a11afd_1672x941.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBpj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F523c5185-5171-4196-85e7-82c582a11afd_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBpj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F523c5185-5171-4196-85e7-82c582a11afd_1672x941.png" width="1456" height="819" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBpj!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F523c5185-5171-4196-85e7-82c582a11afd_1672x941.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBpj!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F523c5185-5171-4196-85e7-82c582a11afd_1672x941.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBpj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F523c5185-5171-4196-85e7-82c582a11afd_1672x941.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jBpj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F523c5185-5171-4196-85e7-82c582a11afd_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#222;egar lei&#240; &#225; t&#237;mabili&#240; og kuldinn hertist &#237; &#225;tt a&#240; h&#225;marki s&#237;&#240;asta j&#246;kulskei&#240;s, f&#230;r&#240;ist Gravettian menningin til vesturs &#225; sl&#243;&#240;ir Aurignac menningarinnar sem vir&#240;ist hafa f&#230;rt sig su&#240;ur &#225; b&#243;ginn, l&#237;klega vegna versnandi ve&#240;urfars. &#222;egar s&#237;&#240;asta j&#246;kulskei&#240; n&#230;r h&#225;marki vir&#240;ist &#254;essi samf&#233;lagsger&#240; hafa brotna&#240; upp &#237; minni einingar. &#222;a&#240; ferli leiddi s&#237;&#240;ar af s&#233;r n&#253;ja menningarstrauma, eins og Solutrean og Magdalenian, sem vi&#240; munum sko&#240;a &#237; n&#230;sta kafla, en &#254;ar n&#225;&#240;i t&#230;kni, s&#233;rstaklega &#237; myndlist, enn h&#230;rri h&#230;&#240;um &#237; takt vi&#240; breyttar a&#240;st&#230;&#240;ur.</p><p></p><h6 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Kenningar um vitsmunast&#246;kk</strong></h6><h6><strong>&#221;msar kenningar reyna a&#240; varpa lj&#243;si &#225; tilur&#240; vitsmunast&#246;kks Evr&#243;pumanna eins og kenningar Richard Klein sem hefur f&#230;rt r&#246;k fyrir &#254;v&#237; a&#240; Evr&#243;pub&#250;ar hafi gengist undir erf&#240;aval sem olli st&#246;kkbreytingu &#225; taugafr&#230;&#240;ilegu skipulagi heilans. A&#240;rir benda &#225; a&#240; bl&#246;ndun vi&#240; Neanderdalsmenn hafi orsaka&#240; breytingar &#225; r&#250;mtaki h&#246;fu&#240;k&#250;pu sem opna&#240;i fyrir m&#246;guleika &#225; a&#240; velja gen sem tengjast heilastarfsemi. Erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ingarnir Davide Piffer og Emil O. W. Kirkegaard hafa greint g&#246;gn &#237; erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegum gagnagrunnum og komust a&#240; &#254;v&#237; a&#240; gen sem tengjast greindarv&#237;sit&#246;lu og r&#250;mtaki h&#246;fu&#240;k&#250;pu s&#253;na sterka fylgni. &#218;t fr&#225; &#254;eim ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;um &#225;lyktu&#240;u &#254;eir a&#240; aukin vitsmunageta frum-Evr&#243;pumanna hafi veri&#240; h&#225;&#240; n&#225;tt&#250;ruvali &#254;egar menn fluttu fr&#225; Afr&#237;ku &#237; n&#253;tt og fl&#243;knara umhverfi, og settu fram &#254;&#225; tilg&#225;tu a&#240; kaldara loftslag hafi greitt g&#246;tu fyrir aukinni greind sem vi&#240; sj&#225;um endurspeglast &#237; fornleifum frum-Evr&#243;pumanna.</strong></h6><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zk4X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcdfb6ae-f9f8-421a-938c-4ed4d1804f80_1916x821.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zk4X!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcdfb6ae-f9f8-421a-938c-4ed4d1804f80_1916x821.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zk4X!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcdfb6ae-f9f8-421a-938c-4ed4d1804f80_1916x821.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zk4X!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcdfb6ae-f9f8-421a-938c-4ed4d1804f80_1916x821.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zk4X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcdfb6ae-f9f8-421a-938c-4ed4d1804f80_1916x821.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zk4X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcdfb6ae-f9f8-421a-938c-4ed4d1804f80_1916x821.png" width="1456" height="624" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zk4X!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcdfb6ae-f9f8-421a-938c-4ed4d1804f80_1916x821.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zk4X!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcdfb6ae-f9f8-421a-938c-4ed4d1804f80_1916x821.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zk4X!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcdfb6ae-f9f8-421a-938c-4ed4d1804f80_1916x821.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zk4X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcdfb6ae-f9f8-421a-938c-4ed4d1804f80_1916x821.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h6 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Sama hva&#240;a sk&#253;ring reynist r&#233;tt &#254;&#225; er &#243;tv&#237;r&#230;tt a&#240; Evr&#243;pumenn gengu &#237; gegnum st&#243;rkostlega breytingu &#225; starfsemi heilans &#8211; &#254;ar sem fl&#243;knar h&#246;ggmyndir, st&#243;rfengleg hellam&#225;lverk og s&#250; ofurhra&#240;a t&#230;kni&#254;r&#243;un sem vi&#240; sj&#225;um &#237; fornleifum eru &#243;umdeild s&#246;nnunarg&#246;gn um taugafr&#230;&#240;ilegt undur sem ger&#240;i okkur kleift a&#240; sj&#225; heiminn &#237; n&#253;ju lj&#243;si &#225; stein&#246;ld. <br></strong></h6><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>&#205;sar, einangrun og endurreisn: Evr&#243;pa &#225; m&#246;rkum n&#253;rrar aldar</strong></h4><p>&#222;egar j&#246;kulskei&#240; n&#225;&#240;i h&#225;marki (LGM) fyrir um 22 &#254;&#250;sund &#225;rum gerbreyttist &#225;s&#253;nd Evr&#243;pu. &#205;saldarj&#246;kulinn skrei&#240; fram &#250;r nor&#240;ri og Alpaj&#246;klar st&#230;kku&#240;u og myndu&#240;u j&#246;kulm&#250;r sem klauf &#225;lfuna &#237; tvennt.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-13" href="#footnote-13" target="_self">13</a> &#222;essi landfr&#230;&#240;ilega gj&#225; &#254;vinga&#240;i &#237;b&#250;a Gravettian-menningarinnar fr&#225; s&#237;num fyrri heimkynnum og Evr&#243;pa skiptist upp &#237; tv&#246; hrj&#243;stur &#254;ar sem menn leitu&#240;u skj&#243;ls &#225; frj&#243;s&#246;mum gri&#240;asv&#230;&#240;um &#237; su&#240;ri. &#222;essi einangrun var&#240; &#254;ess valdandi a&#240; &#237; vestri og austri &#254;r&#243;u&#240;ust &#243;l&#237;kir h&#243;par sem &#254;urftu a&#240; a&#240;lagast n&#253;ju og harkalegu vistkerfi.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BfaP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c0632ea-357c-4be7-81f6-c9f404460afa_4844x2525.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BfaP!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c0632ea-357c-4be7-81f6-c9f404460afa_4844x2525.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BfaP!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c0632ea-357c-4be7-81f6-c9f404460afa_4844x2525.jpeg 848w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BfaP!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c0632ea-357c-4be7-81f6-c9f404460afa_4844x2525.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BfaP!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c0632ea-357c-4be7-81f6-c9f404460afa_4844x2525.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BfaP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c0632ea-357c-4be7-81f6-c9f404460afa_4844x2525.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BfaP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6c0632ea-357c-4be7-81f6-c9f404460afa_4844x2525.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Solutr&#233; og Magdalen<br></strong>&#205; Vestur-Evr&#243;pu, handan j&#246;kulm&#250;rsins, &#254;r&#243;a&#240;ist fyrst Solutr&#233;-menningin sem er &#254;ekktust fyrir einstaka leikni &#237; ger&#240; tv&#237;hli&#240;a steinverkf&#230;ra. &#222;egar kuldinn n&#225;&#240;i h&#225;marki f&#230;kka&#240;i &#237; h&#243;pnum, en upp &#250;r &#254;v&#237; spratt Magdalen-menningin, sem hafa stundum veri&#240; kalla&#240;ir endurreisnarmenn steinaldar.</p><p>&#222;a&#240; sem er s&#233;rstaklega &#225;hugavert vi&#240; Magdalen-f&#243;lki&#240; er erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegur uppruni &#254;ess. &#222;a&#240; bar me&#240; s&#233;r erf&#240;amengi hinnar fornu Aurignac-menningar, sem Gravettian-f&#243;lki&#240; haf&#240;i &#225;&#240;ur &#253;tt til hli&#240;ar. Erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ileg g&#246;gn &#250;r 35 &#254;&#250;sund &#225;ra kumli sem fannst &#237; Belg&#237;u bendir til &#254;ess a&#240; Aurignac f&#243;lk hafi fundi&#240; skj&#243;l &#225; &#205;ber&#237;uskaga (n&#250; Sp&#225;ni). &#222;ar dvaldi &#254;a&#240; &#237; &#254;&#250;sundir &#225;ra uns &#254;a&#240; sneri aftur til nor&#240;urs &#254;egar &#237;sinn hopa&#240;i. &#222;essi endurkoma einkenndist af st&#243;rfenglegri listsk&#246;pun, allt fr&#225; f&#225;ga&#240;ri hellamyndlist til fl&#243;kinna skreytinga &#225; vopnum &#250;r beini, sem endurspegla&#240;i r&#237;kt hugarfar og fl&#243;kna samf&#233;lagsger&#240;.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-14" href="#footnote-14" target="_self">14</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZS-I!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9255ba9-66a6-4047-9d0d-31ce201b0cda_1672x941.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZS-I!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9255ba9-66a6-4047-9d0d-31ce201b0cda_1672x941.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZS-I!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9255ba9-66a6-4047-9d0d-31ce201b0cda_1672x941.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZS-I!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9255ba9-66a6-4047-9d0d-31ce201b0cda_1672x941.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZS-I!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9255ba9-66a6-4047-9d0d-31ce201b0cda_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZS-I!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9255ba9-66a6-4047-9d0d-31ce201b0cda_1672x941.png" width="1456" height="819" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZS-I!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9255ba9-66a6-4047-9d0d-31ce201b0cda_1672x941.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZS-I!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9255ba9-66a6-4047-9d0d-31ce201b0cda_1672x941.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZS-I!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9255ba9-66a6-4047-9d0d-31ce201b0cda_1672x941.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZS-I!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9255ba9-66a6-4047-9d0d-31ce201b0cda_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Epigravettian<br></strong>&#193; sama t&#237;ma austan Alpaj&#246;klanna r&#237;kti Epigravettian-menningin, sem var &#243;l&#237;k n&#225;gr&#246;nnum s&#237;num &#237; vestri. &#205; vesturhlutanum var f&#243;lk d&#246;kkt &#225; h&#246;rund me&#240; bl&#225; e&#240;a gr&#230;n augu en &#237; austri var h&#250;&#240;in lj&#243;sari og augun d&#246;kk.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-15" href="#footnote-15" target="_self">15</a> &#222;essi fj&#246;lbreytni s&#253;nir hversu hratt erf&#240;amengi&#240; t&#243;k breytingum &#237; hinu har&#240;a umhverfi &#237;saldar. &#193; me&#240;an vistfr&#230;&#240;ilegur st&#246;&#240;ugleiki r&#237;kti &#237; sunnari heims&#225;lfum, var evr&#243;pski grunnstofninn &#237; st&#246;&#240;ugri m&#243;tun; erfi&#240; l&#237;fsskilyr&#240;i k&#246;llu&#240;u fram n&#253;jar svipger&#240;ir sem anna&#240;hvort festust &#237; sessi e&#240;a hurfu jafn&#243;&#240;um.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jkZS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f5bcab7-ed27-453a-82dc-8b743863d84b_1448x1086.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jkZS!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f5bcab7-ed27-453a-82dc-8b743863d84b_1448x1086.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jkZS!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f5bcab7-ed27-453a-82dc-8b743863d84b_1448x1086.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jkZS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f5bcab7-ed27-453a-82dc-8b743863d84b_1448x1086.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jkZS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f5bcab7-ed27-453a-82dc-8b743863d84b_1448x1086.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jkZS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f5bcab7-ed27-453a-82dc-8b743863d84b_1448x1086.png" width="1448" height="1086" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jkZS!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f5bcab7-ed27-453a-82dc-8b743863d84b_1448x1086.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jkZS!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f5bcab7-ed27-453a-82dc-8b743863d84b_1448x1086.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jkZS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f5bcab7-ed27-453a-82dc-8b743863d84b_1448x1086.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jkZS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1f5bcab7-ed27-453a-82dc-8b743863d84b_1448x1086.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><strong>Magdalen/Epigravettian. </strong>Endurger&#240;ir<strong>: </strong>Philip Edwin og Elisabeth Dayn&#232;s</figcaption></figure></div><p>&#222;egar f&#243;r a&#240; hl&#253;na og &#237;saldarj&#246;kullinn t&#243;k a&#240; hopa fyrir um 14 &#254;&#250;sund &#225;rum, rofna&#240;i j&#246;kulm&#250;rinn og Epigravettian-f&#243;lki&#240; t&#243;k a&#240; brei&#240;ast &#250;t til austurs og vesturs. &#218;r &#254;v&#237; var&#240; svokalla&#240;ur Villabruna-stofn; h&#243;pur vei&#240;imanna sem barst til Evr&#243;pu fr&#225; Balkanskaga. &#222;essi n&#253;ja bylgja blanda&#240;ist heimam&#246;nnum og &#253;tti eldri menningarheimum til hli&#240;ar og marka&#240;i upphafi&#240; a&#240; myndun h&#243;pa sem erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ingar skilgreina &#237; gr&#243;fum dr&#225;ttum sem vestr&#230;na og austr&#230;na vei&#240;imenn og safnara (e. Western hunter-gatherers og Eastern hunter-gatherers, skammst. WHG og EHG). </p><p>&#222;ar me&#240; lauk &#254;essum &#246;rlagar&#237;ka kafla &#237;saldars&#246;gunnar og grunnurinn var lag&#240;ur a&#240; &#254;v&#237; mannkyni sem bygg&#240;i Evr&#243;pu allt fram a&#240; tilkomu landb&#250;na&#240;ar.</p><h6><strong>Tr&#250;arbr&#246;g&#240;<br></strong>Fornleifafr&#230;&#240;ingurinn David Lewis-Williams hefur l&#253;st tr&#250;arbr&#246;g&#240;um steinaldar sem sjaman&#237;sku kerfi sem snerist um &#225;tr&#250;na&#240; &#225; lagskiptan alheim( ath. &#8216;<em>The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art</em>&#8217;) &#8212; &#254;ar sem efnisheimurinn var n&#225;tengdur andlegum kimum a&#240; ofan og ne&#240;an. &#198;tla m&#225; a&#240; &#225;tr&#250;na&#240;inum hafi veri&#240; st&#253;rt af st&#233;tt &#8222;sj&#225;enda&#8220; (e. Shaman) sem beittu breyttu me&#240;vitundar&#225;standi (e. altered states) til a&#240; fer&#240;ast &#225; milli heima. &#205; augum frumbyggja Evr&#243;pu v&#243;ru dj&#250;pir kalksteinshellar Vestur-Evr&#243;pu &#254;v&#237; eins konar himna milli heim manna og undirheima, &#254;ar sem h&#230;gt var a&#240; &#8216;sj&#243;nvarpa&#8217; myndum af dulr&#230;num d&#253;rum (e. spirit animals) &#225; hellisveggina. &#193; &#254;essum umbreytingat&#237;mum &#254;r&#243;u&#240;u menn me&#240; s&#233;r sam-evras&#237;ska go&#240;afr&#230;&#240;i &#8212; heildst&#230;&#240;a kosm&#237;ska fr&#225;s&#246;gn sem teyg&#240;i sig fr&#225; sk&#246;punars&#246;gum til ragnaraka. Frumbyggjar Evr&#243;pu n&#253;ttu &#254;annig n&#253;gengi fl&#243;kinnar hugsunar til a&#240; skapa st&#243;rbrotna myndlist sem ruddi brautina fyrir &#225;stundun sjamanisma til a&#240; halda utan um n&#253;ja samf&#233;lagsskipan og tryggja yfirr&#225;&#240; &#237; breyttum heimi.</h6><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uvnI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbfb705a7-7996-42da-bf13-425e556d5fab_1672x941.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uvnI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbfb705a7-7996-42da-bf13-425e556d5fab_1672x941.jpeg 424w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uvnI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbfb705a7-7996-42da-bf13-425e556d5fab_1672x941.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uvnI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbfb705a7-7996-42da-bf13-425e556d5fab_1672x941.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uvnI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbfb705a7-7996-42da-bf13-425e556d5fab_1672x941.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uvnI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbfb705a7-7996-42da-bf13-425e556d5fab_1672x941.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Himneska vei&#240;i &#230;vint&#253;ri&#240; (e. cosmic hunt): sem sumir fr&#230;&#240;imenn telja a&#240; s&#233; elsta saga mannkyns utan Afr&#237;ku (&gt;20 &#254;. &#225;ra) &#254;ar sem stj&#246;rnumerki, einkum Karlsvagninn, er t&#250;lka&#240; sem eltingaleikur vei&#240;imanns og br&#225;&#240;ar.</figcaption></figure></div><h6></h6><h4><strong>H&#243;l&#243;sen: N&#253;r heimur vei&#240;imanna og safnara</strong></h4><p>&#193; t&#237;mabilinu fyrir 15.000 til 9.000 &#225;rum ur&#240;u g&#237;furleg hamskipti &#237; vistkerfi Evr&#243;pu. Fyrst hl&#253;na&#240;i hratt, en svo skall &#225; kuldakasti&#240; &#8222;Yngra-Dr&#253;as&#8220; sem rak allt &#237; rogastans, &#254;ar til H&#243;l&#243;sen-t&#237;mabili&#240; h&#243;fst me&#240; st&#246;&#240;ugri hl&#253;nun sem hefur sta&#240;i&#240; allt til dagsins &#237; dag. &#222;egar j&#246;kullinn hopa&#240;i streymdi f&#243;lk &#250;r gri&#240;asv&#230;&#240;um s&#237;num &#237; su&#240;ri. &#205; austri s&#246;g&#240;u Epigravettian-h&#243;parnir skili&#240; vi&#240; mamm&#250;tavei&#240;ar fort&#237;&#240;arinnar og f&#243;ru a&#240; einbeita s&#233;r a&#240; grasb&#237;tum &#225; bor&#240; vi&#240; v&#237;sunda og villihesta.</p><p><br>Vi&#240; losun &#237;saldarj&#246;kuls m&#243;tu&#240;ust fj&#243;rir meginh&#243;par sem &#225;ttu eftir a&#240; setja svip sinn &#225; &#225;lfuna: </p><ol><li><p>Vestr&#230;nir vei&#240;imenn og safnarar &#237; mi&#240;- og vesturhlutanum (<strong>WHG</strong>)</p></li><li><p>Austr&#230;nir vei&#240;imenn og safnarar &#225; sl&#233;ttum Austur-Evr&#243;pu (<strong>EHG</strong>)</p><ul><li><p>&#205; Skandinav&#237;u bl&#246;ndu&#240;ust WHG og EHG saman &#237; h&#243;p sem erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ingar skilgreina sem <strong>SHG </strong>(e. Scandinavian hunter-gatherers).</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Anat&#243;l&#237;skir vei&#240;imenn og safnarar &#237; su&#240;ri (<strong>AHG</strong>) </p></li><li><p>K&#225;kasus vei&#240;imenn og safnarar &#237; su&#240;vestri (<strong>CHG</strong>)<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-16" href="#footnote-16" target="_self">16</a></p></li></ol><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HJia!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa9d034b-8ec5-44f1-9215-a328f55d7541_1633x963.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HJia!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa9d034b-8ec5-44f1-9215-a328f55d7541_1633x963.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HJia!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa9d034b-8ec5-44f1-9215-a328f55d7541_1633x963.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HJia!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa9d034b-8ec5-44f1-9215-a328f55d7541_1633x963.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HJia!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa9d034b-8ec5-44f1-9215-a328f55d7541_1633x963.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HJia!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa9d034b-8ec5-44f1-9215-a328f55d7541_1633x963.jpeg" width="1456" height="859" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HJia!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa9d034b-8ec5-44f1-9215-a328f55d7541_1633x963.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HJia!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa9d034b-8ec5-44f1-9215-a328f55d7541_1633x963.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HJia!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa9d034b-8ec5-44f1-9215-a328f55d7541_1633x963.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HJia!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa9d034b-8ec5-44f1-9215-a328f55d7541_1633x963.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div 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stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>N&#253;jar ranns&#243;knir benda til &#254;ess a&#240; samf&#233;lagsger&#240; evr&#243;pskra vei&#240;imanna og safnara hafi veri&#240; mun fl&#243;knari en &#225;&#240;ur var tali&#240;. &#205; vestri sj&#225;um vi&#240; merki um fasta b&#250;setu og &#230;ttarveldi; f&#243;lk f&#243;r a&#240; verja mikilv&#230;g au&#240;lindasv&#230;&#240;i og setja upp varanlega grafreiti til a&#240; sta&#240;festa tilkall sitt til landsins &#237; gegnum forfe&#240;ur.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-17" href="#footnote-17" target="_self">17</a></p><p>&#205; austri r&#237;kti annars konar kerfi sem bygg&#240;i &#225; v&#237;&#240;fe&#240;mum tengslanetum. &#222;ar var umhverfi&#240; &#243;fyrirsj&#225;anlegra og margt bendir til &#254;ess a&#240; &#254;ar hafi r&#237;kt eins konar &#8222;or&#240;sporshagkerfi&#8220; &#254;ar sem or&#240;st&#237;r var helsti gjaldmi&#240;ill manna &#237; gagnkv&#230;mum vi&#240;skiptum me&#240; v&#246;rur og maka.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-18" href="#footnote-18" target="_self">18</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-19" href="#footnote-19" target="_self">19</a> F&#233;lagslegt traust virka&#240;i &#254;annig sem samf&#233;lagslegt t&#230;ki vei&#240;imanna til a&#240; auka samheldni, koma &#237; veg fyrir skyldleikar&#230;kt og tryggja bandal&#246;g &#237; krefjandi vistkerfi. &#222;essi samf&#233;l&#246;g voru &#254;v&#237; langt fr&#225; &#254;v&#237; a&#240; vera einangra&#240;ir h&#243;par og einkenndust frekar af fl&#243;knum netum manna sem deildu &#254;ekkingu, t&#230;kni og menningu.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oeQZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6790c863-71ad-4e99-a853-96b16111aa07_1448x1086.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oeQZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6790c863-71ad-4e99-a853-96b16111aa07_1448x1086.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oeQZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6790c863-71ad-4e99-a853-96b16111aa07_1448x1086.png 848w, 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Endurger&#240;ir bygg&#240;ar &#225; l&#237;kamsleifum &#8212; Ancestral Whispers</figcaption></figure></div><p>&#193; s&#237;&#240;ustu &#225;r&#254;&#250;sundum fyrir tilkomu landb&#250;na&#240;ar lif&#240;u evr&#243;pskir vei&#240;imenn n&#225;nast &#237; &#8222;parad&#237;s&#8220;. Sk&#243;gar voru fullir af d&#253;rum, &#225;rnar af fiski og loftslag var milt. Vi&#240; sj&#225;um jafnvel fyrstu merki &#254;ess a&#240; f&#243;lk fari a&#240; b&#250;a til leirker, l&#246;ngu &#225;&#240;ur en fyrstu b&#230;ndurnir m&#230;ta &#225; sv&#230;&#240;i&#240;. &#222;a&#240; m&#225; &#254;v&#237; segja a&#240; menningarheimur vei&#240;imanna, fyrir um 9.000 &#225;rum, hafi n&#225;&#240; &#225;kve&#240;nu jafnv&#230;gi vi&#240; umhverfi sitt &#225;&#240;ur en n&#230;sti st&#243;ri kafli mannkynss&#246;gunnar h&#243;fst me&#240; komu b&#230;nda fr&#225; Anat&#243;l&#237;u (n&#250;t&#237;ma Tyrklandi).</p><p></p><h4><strong>Frj&#243;semi &#250;r austri og ris n&#253;steinaldar</strong></h4><p>&#193; sama t&#237;ma og evr&#243;pskir vei&#240;imenn bjuggu enn &#237; &#254;&#233;ttv&#246;xnum frumsk&#243;gum &#225;lfunnar, &#225;tti s&#233;r sta&#240; st&#243;rkostleg umbreyting &#237; Mi&#240;austurl&#246;ndum, e&#240;a hin svokalla&#240;a n&#253;steinaldarbylting. &#193; &#225;runum 10.000&#8211;8.000 f. Kr. h&#243;fst r&#230;ktun hveitis og byggs &#237; Levant h&#233;ru&#240;um og fyrstu stein&#254;orpin, l&#237;kt og Jer&#237;k&#243;, litu dagsins lj&#243;s. N&#253;ir l&#237;fsh&#230;ttir landb&#250;na&#240;arins breiddust hratt &#250;t; &#237; Mes&#243;p&#243;tam&#237;u var byrja&#240; a&#240; nota &#225;veitur, leirkerager&#240; h&#243;fst og st&#243;rar bygg&#240;ir &#225; bor&#240; vi&#240; &#199;atalh&#246;y&#252;k &#237; Anat&#243;l&#237;u risu.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-20" href="#footnote-20" target="_self">20</a></p><p>Um 7.000 f. Kr. h&#243;fust svo miklir f&#243;lksflutningar &#254;egar anat&#243;l&#237;skir vei&#240;imenn (AHG) t&#243;ku upp landb&#250;na&#240; og fluttu sig um set, lengra inn &#237; Evr&#243;pu, &#237; leit a&#240; n&#253;ju r&#230;ktarlandi. Landn&#225;mi&#240; skiptist &#237; tvo meginstrauma inn &#237; Evr&#243;pu. Annar fylgdi lei&#240;um Mi&#240;jar&#240;arhafs me&#240; sj&#243; (Cardial-menningin), &#254;ar sem b&#230;ndabygg&#240;ir spruttu upp me&#240;fram str&#246;ndinni. Hinn straumurinn fylgdi D&#243;n&#225; inn &#237; mi&#240;ju Evr&#243;pu (LBK-menningin), &#254;ar sem b&#230;ndur reistu einkennandi langh&#250;s &#225; frj&#243;s&#246;mum jar&#240;vegi. &#205; fyrstu var bl&#246;ndun b&#230;nda vi&#240; frumbyggja, vestr&#230;na vei&#240;imenn og safnara (WHG), takm&#246;rku&#240; en b&#230;ndurnir fluttu me&#240; s&#233;r n&#253;jan og framandi l&#237;fsst&#237;l, b&#250;f&#233;na&#240; og akuryrkju, sem &#253;tti vei&#240;im&#246;nnum v&#237;&#240;a til hli&#240;ar og gj&#246;rbreytti vistkerfi &#225;lfunnar.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7vK9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c985083-9df4-4c88-a583-54c151adf196_1456x979.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7vK9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c985083-9df4-4c88-a583-54c151adf196_1456x979.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7vK9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c985083-9df4-4c88-a583-54c151adf196_1456x979.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7vK9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c985083-9df4-4c88-a583-54c151adf196_1456x979.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7vK9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c985083-9df4-4c88-a583-54c151adf196_1456x979.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7vK9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c985083-9df4-4c88-a583-54c151adf196_1456x979.jpeg" width="1456" height="979" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0c985083-9df4-4c88-a583-54c151adf196_1456x979.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:979,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:451520,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.opinaugu.is/i/198534967?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c985083-9df4-4c88-a583-54c151adf196_1456x979.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7vK9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c985083-9df4-4c88-a583-54c151adf196_1456x979.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7vK9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c985083-9df4-4c88-a583-54c151adf196_1456x979.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7vK9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c985083-9df4-4c88-a583-54c151adf196_1456x979.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7vK9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c985083-9df4-4c88-a583-54c151adf196_1456x979.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Eftir &#254;v&#237; sem lei&#240; &#225; &#225;r&#254;&#250;sundin var&#240; &#254;essi &#8222;m&#243;sa&#237;kmynd&#8220; Evr&#243;pu &#230; fl&#243;knari. Um 5.000 f. Kr. f&#243;r a&#240; bera meira &#225; erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegri bl&#246;ndun milli b&#230;nda og vei&#240;imanna &#237; Mi&#240;-Evr&#243;pu. &#193; sv&#230;&#240;um eins og &#225; &#205;ber&#237;uskaga og vi&#240; Atlantshafi&#240; m&#225; jafnvel tala um endurkomu vei&#240;imanna; erf&#240;amengi &#254;eirra t&#243;k a&#240; s&#230;kja &#237; sig ve&#240;ri&#240; innan b&#230;ndasamf&#233;laganna eftir a&#240; hafa h&#246;rfa&#240; &#254;egar b&#230;ndur n&#225;mu land &#225; sv&#230;&#240;um &#254;eirra.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-21" href="#footnote-21" target="_self">21</a><br>&#193; sama t&#237;ma, langt &#237; austri &#225; sl&#233;ttum Svartahafs, voru h&#243;par austr&#230;nna vei&#240;imanna og K&#225;kasus-vei&#240;imanna (EHG og CHG) farnir a&#240; renna saman. &#222;ar f&#243;r m&#243;tast s&#225; erf&#240;agrunnur sem s&#237;&#240;ar var&#240; a&#240; hinni voldugu Yamnaya-menningu, menning sem &#225;tti eftir a&#240; umbylta Evr&#243;pu &#225; v&#246;gnum og hestbaki.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drDs!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F053d11ca-f60b-4e01-80b0-3cc3aa420786_1672x941.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drDs!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F053d11ca-f60b-4e01-80b0-3cc3aa420786_1672x941.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drDs!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F053d11ca-f60b-4e01-80b0-3cc3aa420786_1672x941.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drDs!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F053d11ca-f60b-4e01-80b0-3cc3aa420786_1672x941.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drDs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F053d11ca-f60b-4e01-80b0-3cc3aa420786_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drDs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F053d11ca-f60b-4e01-80b0-3cc3aa420786_1672x941.png" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/053d11ca-f60b-4e01-80b0-3cc3aa420786_1672x941.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2308548,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.opinaugu.is/i/198534967?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F053d11ca-f60b-4e01-80b0-3cc3aa420786_1672x941.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drDs!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F053d11ca-f60b-4e01-80b0-3cc3aa420786_1672x941.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drDs!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F053d11ca-f60b-4e01-80b0-3cc3aa420786_1672x941.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drDs!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F053d11ca-f60b-4e01-80b0-3cc3aa420786_1672x941.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!drDs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F053d11ca-f60b-4e01-80b0-3cc3aa420786_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><strong>Sard&#237;nska t&#237;mahylki&#240;.</strong> Evr&#243;pskir b&#230;ndur voru afkomendur anat&#243;l&#237;skra vei&#240;imanna sem dr&#243;gu fram l&#237;fi&#240; fr&#225; mi&#240;h&#225;lendi Anat&#243;l&#237;u til Mi&#240;jar&#240;arhafsins og austur a&#240; efri Efrat &#225; &#237;s&#246;ld. Eyjan Sardin&#237;a var&#240; s&#237;&#240;an eins konar erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegt var&#240;veislusv&#230;&#240;i fyrir erf&#240;aefni evr&#243;pskra b&#230;nda, en allt a&#240; 90% af erf&#240;amengi n&#250;t&#237;ma Sardin&#237;ub&#250;a m&#225; rekja til evr&#243;pskra b&#230;nda.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Dularfyllsti kafli &#254;essa t&#237;mabils er ris hinna miklu st&#243;rsteinamannvirkja, e&#240;a megal&#237;ta, sem h&#243;fst &#237; nor&#240;vesturhluta Frakklands um 4.700 f. Kr. N&#225;kv&#230;mlega hverjir reistu mannvirki &#225; bor&#240; vi&#240; Stonehenge hefur lengi veri&#240; tilefni vangaveltna fr&#230;&#240;imanna. Voru &#254;a&#240; anat&#243;l&#237;skir b&#230;ndur sem fluttu &#254;essa hef&#240; me&#240; s&#233;r, e&#240;a voru &#254;a&#240; vei&#240;imenn og safnarar sem h&#246;f&#240;u tileinka&#240; s&#233;r landb&#250;na&#240; og ritu&#240;u n&#250; s&#246;gu s&#237;na &#237; stein? Erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;in bendir til &#254;ess a&#240; megal&#237;tarnir hafi risi&#240; &#225; t&#237;ma &#254;egar menningarleg og l&#237;ffr&#230;&#240;ileg bl&#246;ndun &#254;essara tveggja h&#243;pa var &#237; algleymingi.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8MkS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d125e1f-4352-4107-b80d-c2788575198d_1672x941.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8MkS!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d125e1f-4352-4107-b80d-c2788575198d_1672x941.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8MkS!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d125e1f-4352-4107-b80d-c2788575198d_1672x941.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8MkS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d125e1f-4352-4107-b80d-c2788575198d_1672x941.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8MkS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d125e1f-4352-4107-b80d-c2788575198d_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8MkS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d125e1f-4352-4107-b80d-c2788575198d_1672x941.png" width="1456" height="819" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8MkS!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d125e1f-4352-4107-b80d-c2788575198d_1672x941.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8MkS!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d125e1f-4352-4107-b80d-c2788575198d_1672x941.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8MkS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d125e1f-4352-4107-b80d-c2788575198d_1672x941.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8MkS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d125e1f-4352-4107-b80d-c2788575198d_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h6><strong>Tr&#250;arleg heimsmynd</strong> n&#253;steinaldar &#237; Evr&#243;pu spratt upp &#250;r samruna &#225; milli sjamanisma vei&#240;imanna og frj&#243;semis-si&#240;ar anat&#243;l&#237;skra b&#230;nda. &#193; me&#240;an vei&#240;imenn s&#243;ttust eftir snertingu vi&#240; alm&#230;tti&#240; &#237; dimmum hellum, reistu b&#230;ndur l&#237;kneski sem voru jar&#240;bundin &#225; landsv&#230;&#240;um &#254;eirra. &#218;r var&#240; menning sem reisti st&#243;r steinmannvirki &#237; bland vi&#240; grafh&#253;si &#8212; sem voru eins konar mannger&#240;ir &#8222;hellar&#8220; sem h&#253;stu forfe&#240;ur og f&#230;r&#240;u hinn lagskipta alheim heim a&#240; b&#230;jardyrum. &#222;essi &#254;&#225;ttaskil endurspeglast &#237; breyttu t&#225;knm&#225;li og go&#240;s&#246;gnum; &#237; fyrstu b&#230;ndabygg&#240;um ur&#240;u &#8222;Gy&#240;jur&#8220; &#225;berandi og &#243;rj&#250;fanlegur hluti af n&#253;jum veruleika landb&#250;na&#240;arins &#8212; &#254;ar sem l&#237;kneskin speglu&#240;u allsn&#230;gtir, frj&#243;semi, hringr&#225;s og endurf&#230;&#240;ingu gr&#243;&#240;urs jar&#240;ar. Bergm&#225;l &#254;essa jar&#240;bundna frj&#243;semis-si&#240;ar hefur var&#240;veist &#237; &#254;j&#243;&#240;s&#246;gum og rann m&#246;gulega inn &#237; go&#240;heima Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna sem hinir frj&#243;semis tengdu Vanir &#237; norr&#230;nni go&#240;afr&#230;&#240;i.</h6><p></p><p>Vi&#240; lok &#254;essa t&#237;mabils, um 3.000 f. Kr., var Evr&#243;pa or&#240;in a&#240; fl&#243;kinni bl&#246;ndu b&#230;nda og vei&#240;imanna. R&#237;ki vei&#240;imanna einskor&#240;a&#240;ist n&#250; a&#240; mestu vi&#240; Skandinav&#237;u en &#237; mi&#240;-Evr&#243;pu var hinn sk&#253;ra skipting &#225; milli b&#230;nda fr&#225; Anat&#243;l&#237;u og frumbyggja Evr&#243;pu n&#225;nast horfin. &#222;ar t&#243;k vi&#240; n&#253;tt samf&#233;lag sem bar me&#240; s&#233;r arf beggja h&#243;pa. &#222;&#243;tt &#230;tla m&#230;tti a&#240; 40.000 &#225;ra g&#246;mul arfleif&#240; vei&#240;imanna v&#230;ri a&#240; l&#237;&#240;a undir lok og renna saman vi&#240; n&#253;ja menningu, &#225;tti anna&#240; eftir a&#240; koma &#225; daginn. D&#246;kkir sk&#253;jabakkar voru a&#240; hrannast upp &#237; austri. &#193; sl&#233;ttunum Svartahafs var b&#250;i&#240; a&#240; temja hestinn og fyrstu merki um eirvinnslu voru farin a&#240; sj&#225;st. Hir&#240;ingjar sl&#233;ttunnar, vopna&#240;ir n&#253;rri t&#230;kni og erf&#240;amengi austr&#230;nna vei&#240;imanna, voru farnir a&#240; horfa til vesturs. &#222;essi &#254;r&#243;un marka&#240;i upphafi&#240; a&#240; endalokum evr&#243;pskar steinaldar og upphafi bronsaldar, &#254;ar sem n&#253;r kraftur &#250;r austri myndi enn &#225; n&#253; umbylta &#225;lfunni.</p><p></p><h1 style="text-align: center;"><strong>Yamnaya-byltingin:</strong></h1><h1 style="text-align: center;"><strong>Endurheimt Evr&#243;pu</strong></h1><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bV4o!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12e1f3b8-8617-4054-a4a2-e4e35bd50f1e_1916x821.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bV4o!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12e1f3b8-8617-4054-a4a2-e4e35bd50f1e_1916x821.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bV4o!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12e1f3b8-8617-4054-a4a2-e4e35bd50f1e_1916x821.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bV4o!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12e1f3b8-8617-4054-a4a2-e4e35bd50f1e_1916x821.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bV4o!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12e1f3b8-8617-4054-a4a2-e4e35bd50f1e_1916x821.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bV4o!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12e1f3b8-8617-4054-a4a2-e4e35bd50f1e_1916x821.png" width="1456" height="624" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Yamnaya-menningin var&#240; til &#254;egar tveir heimar m&#230;ttust &#237; d&#246;lum Dn&#237;per og Don um 5000 f. Kr.&#8212;&#254;ar sem n&#250; er &#218;kra&#237;na og su&#240;urhluti R&#250;sslands. Austr&#230;nir vei&#240;imenn (EHG), s&#243;ttu su&#240;ur, og K&#225;kasus-vei&#240;imenn (CHG) h&#233;ldu til nor&#240;urs og m&#230;ttust &#225; mi&#240;ri lei&#240;. &#193; me&#240;an K&#225;kasus-vei&#240;imennirnir voru afkomendur vei&#240;imanna sem h&#246;f&#240;u &#254;rauka&#240; j&#246;kulh&#225;mark &#237;saldar &#237; skj&#243;li fjallgar&#240;a K&#225;kasus, dr&#243;gu austr&#230;nir vei&#240;imenn fram l&#237;fi&#240; &#225; v&#237;&#240;fe&#240;mum &#246;r&#230;fum Evras&#237;u &#237; nor&#240;l&#230;gu loftslagi.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-22" href="#footnote-22" target="_self">22</a> Arfur austr&#230;nna vei&#240;imanna er &#254;annig skyldur vestr&#230;num vei&#240;im&#246;nnunum; arfleif&#240; seiglu, li&#240;sheildar og samheldni sem haf&#240;i sl&#237;past &#237; &#225;r&#254;&#250;sundir og gert &#254;eim kleift a&#240; lifa af &#243;mildi nor&#240;ursins.</p><p>&#193; me&#240;an &#237;b&#250;ar Mi&#240;-Austurlanda v&#246;ldu kyrrsetu og jar&#240;yrkju, t&#243;ku forfe&#240;ur Yamnaya-f&#243;lksins a&#240;ra stefnu sem bygg&#240;i &#225; hreyfanleika og n&#253;sk&#246;pun &#237; d&#253;rahaldi. &#222;egar landb&#250;na&#240;ur breiddist &#250;t, ger&#240;ust &#254;eir ekki b&#230;ndur &#237; hef&#240;bundnum skilningi, heldur &#254;r&#243;u&#240;u &#254;eir n&#253;st&#225;rlega t&#230;kni og n&#253;tingu &#225; d&#253;rum. D&#253;rin n&#253;ttu &#254;eir ekki eing&#246;ngu sem f&#230;&#240;u heldur l&#237;ka sem hr&#225;efni &#237; i&#240;na&#240; og drifkraft &#237; n&#253;st&#225;rlega samg&#246;ngum&#225;ta. Me&#240; &#254;v&#237; a&#240; sameina leikni s&#237;na &#237; m&#225;lmsm&#237;&#240;i og uppfinningu hj&#243;lsins, t&#243;kst &#254;eim &#254;annig a&#240; temja hina v&#237;&#240;&#225;ttumiklu sl&#233;ttur Svarthafs og breyta &#254;eim &#237; &#243;&#254;rj&#243;tandi au&#240;lind. &#222;essi &#254;r&#243;un marka&#240;i upphafi&#240; a&#240; &#254;v&#237; sem kalla m&#225; &#8218;endur-vei&#240;imannav&#230;&#240;ingu&#8216; Evr&#243;pu. &#222;&#243;tt Yamnaya-menn v&#230;ru hir&#240;ingjar voru &#254;eir vei&#240;imenn &#237; grunninn, og fluttu me&#240; s&#233;r menningu sem einkenndist af har&#240;fylgi og hreyfanleika sem gat af s&#233;r menningu sem breiddi &#250;r s&#233;r &#225; sl&#233;ttum Svartahafs alla lei&#240; til vestur Evr&#243;pu&#8212;&#254;ar sem h&#250;n &#225;tti eftir a&#240; leysa af h&#243;lmi st&#243;ran hluta &#254;ess b&#230;ndasamf&#233;lags sem &#254;ar haf&#240;i skoti&#240; r&#243;tum.</p><h3><strong>Hestar, vagnar og v&#237;g</strong></h3><p><strong>Afur&#240;abyltingin<br></strong>Fyrir um 5000 &#225;rum f. Kr. dr&#243;gu austr&#230;nir vei&#240;imenn fram l&#237;fi&#240; me&#240; a&#240; smala st&#243;rd&#253;rum &#225; ja&#240;ri Svartahafssl&#233;ttunnar en n&#253;ttu d&#253;rin &#254;&#243; einungis til matar. &#193; sama t&#237;ma byrju&#240;u fjallab&#250;ar &#237; K&#225;kasus a&#240; &#254;r&#243;a me&#240; s&#233;r b&#250;fj&#225;rr&#230;kt og &#254;reifa fyrir s&#233;r &#237; m&#225;lmvinnslu. &#222;egar grunnurinn a&#240; Yamnaya menningu t&#243;k a&#240; myndast og austr&#230;nir vei&#240;imenn runnu saman vi&#240; fjallab&#250;a &#250;r K&#225;kasus kvikna&#240;i &#254;a&#240; sem fr&#230;&#240;imenn kalla &#8222;afur&#240;abyltingin&#8220; (e. Secondary Products Revolution).<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-23" href="#footnote-23" target="_self">23</a></p><p>&#205; sta&#240; &#254;ess a&#240; treysta &#225; hef&#240;bundna akuryrkju f&#243;ru Yamnaya menn a&#240; n&#253;ta hjar&#240;ir s&#237;nar &#225; sj&#225;lfb&#230;rari h&#225;tt me&#240; &#254;v&#237; a&#240; mj&#243;lka d&#253;rin og r&#253;ja af &#254;eim ull, auk &#254;ess a&#240; nota d&#253;rin sem vinnuafl. &#222;etta veitti Yamnaya m&#246;nnum forskot &#225; n&#225;granna s&#237;na &#254;ar sem &#254;eim t&#243;kst a&#240; uppskera st&#246;&#240;uglegan akur af pr&#243;t&#237;nr&#237;kri n&#230;ringu og efni &#237; kl&#230;&#240;na&#240; &#225;n &#254;ess a&#240; f&#230;kka &#237; hj&#246;r&#240;inni.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-24" href="#footnote-24" target="_self">24</a> Afur&#240;abyltingin ger&#240;i Yamnaya menningunni &#254;annig kleift a&#240; vaxa hratt og f&#230;ra &#250;t kv&#237;arnar vi&#240; krefjandi a&#240;st&#230;&#240;ur.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JIn_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ae19991-6989-43f0-8400-fc1d50c3acb4_1491x831.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JIn_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ae19991-6989-43f0-8400-fc1d50c3acb4_1491x831.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JIn_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ae19991-6989-43f0-8400-fc1d50c3acb4_1491x831.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JIn_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ae19991-6989-43f0-8400-fc1d50c3acb4_1491x831.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JIn_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ae19991-6989-43f0-8400-fc1d50c3acb4_1491x831.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JIn_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ae19991-6989-43f0-8400-fc1d50c3acb4_1491x831.jpeg" width="1456" height="811" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4ae19991-6989-43f0-8400-fc1d50c3acb4_1491x831.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:811,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:387049,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.opinaugu.is/i/198534967?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ae19991-6989-43f0-8400-fc1d50c3acb4_1491x831.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JIn_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ae19991-6989-43f0-8400-fc1d50c3acb4_1491x831.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JIn_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ae19991-6989-43f0-8400-fc1d50c3acb4_1491x831.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JIn_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ae19991-6989-43f0-8400-fc1d50c3acb4_1491x831.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JIn_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ae19991-6989-43f0-8400-fc1d50c3acb4_1491x831.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Ind&#243;evr&#243;psk menning var fyrst rakin me&#240; m&#225;lv&#237;sindum &#254;egar fr&#230;&#240;imenn t&#243;ku eftir a&#240; tungum&#225;l &#237; Evr&#243;pu og As&#237;u geymdu skyld or&#240; yfir hluti eins og hj&#243;l, ull og mj&#243;lk.</figcaption></figure></div><p><strong>Hj&#243;li&#240; og vagninn<br></strong>&#214;rlagar&#237;kasta t&#230;knist&#246;kki&#240; var&#240; svo &#254;egar b&#250;fj&#225;rr&#230;kt m&#230;tti einni merkustu uppfinningu mannkynss&#246;gunnar: hj&#243;linu og &#246;xlinum. &#205; tug&#254;&#250;sundir &#225;ra h&#246;f&#240;u v&#237;&#240;&#225;ttur Evras&#237;u veri&#240; &#243;byggileg au&#240;n &#254;ar sem miklar &#246;fgar r&#237;ktu &#237; hita og kulda. Vatn var af skornum skammti og l&#237;fverur f&#225;ar fyrir utan har&#240;ger&#240; d&#253;r, eins og villihesta, &#225; beit. Me&#240; tilkomu vagna, sem dregnir voru af nautgripum og hla&#240;nir vistum, t&#243;kst Yamnaya-m&#246;nnum a&#240; beisla &#246;r&#230;fi Svartahafs. Vagnarnir virku&#240;u eins og skip ey&#240;imerkurinnar; f&#230;ranleg h&#253;b&#253;li sem ger&#240;u m&#246;nnum kleift a&#240; flytja vatn, vistir og skj&#243;l yfir g&#237;furlegar vegalengdir.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-25" href="#footnote-25" target="_self">25</a> Hjar&#240;ir Yamnaya manna umbreyttu &#254;annig gresjum sl&#233;ttunnar &#237; pr&#243;t&#237;nr&#237;ka n&#230;ringu, t&#230;ki, fatna&#240;&#8212;og &#225; tilt&#246;lulega sk&#246;mmum t&#237;ma var&#240; sl&#233;ttan a&#240; vettvangi fyrir n&#253;ja og kraftmikla menningu &#225; fer&#240; og flugi.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XUYu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa989eb5e-9e7b-4983-bd04-45b2c54d0552_1280x957.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XUYu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa989eb5e-9e7b-4983-bd04-45b2c54d0552_1280x957.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XUYu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa989eb5e-9e7b-4983-bd04-45b2c54d0552_1280x957.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XUYu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa989eb5e-9e7b-4983-bd04-45b2c54d0552_1280x957.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XUYu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa989eb5e-9e7b-4983-bd04-45b2c54d0552_1280x957.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XUYu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa989eb5e-9e7b-4983-bd04-45b2c54d0552_1280x957.jpeg" width="1280" height="957" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a989eb5e-9e7b-4983-bd04-45b2c54d0552_1280x957.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:957,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:181979,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.opinaugu.is/i/198534967?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa989eb5e-9e7b-4983-bd04-45b2c54d0552_1280x957.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XUYu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa989eb5e-9e7b-4983-bd04-45b2c54d0552_1280x957.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XUYu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa989eb5e-9e7b-4983-bd04-45b2c54d0552_1280x957.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XUYu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa989eb5e-9e7b-4983-bd04-45b2c54d0552_1280x957.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XUYu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa989eb5e-9e7b-4983-bd04-45b2c54d0552_1280x957.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">S&#243;lvagninn/Skinfaxi (Trundholmm&#253;ri, Danm&#246;rk) 1400 f. Kr.</figcaption></figure></div><p>L&#237;fsh&#230;ttir Yamnaya manna gerbreyttust &#254;egar &#254;eir f&#243;ru a&#240; r&#237;&#240;a hestum, sem &#225;&#240;ur h&#246;f&#240;u reika&#240; villtir um sl&#233;tturnar. Hestbak veitti &#254;eim hra&#240;a og herna&#240;arlegt forskot, sem ger&#240;i &#254;eim kleift a&#240; gerast hersk&#225; &#250;t&#254;enslu&#254;j&#243;&#240;.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-26" href="#footnote-26" target="_self">26</a></p><p>Hir&#240;ingjal&#237;fi fylgdu einnig n&#253;jar &#225;h&#230;ttur &#254;ar sem au&#240;ur hir&#240;ingja samanst&#243;&#240; af hreyfanlegum eignum, eins og b&#250;f&#233; og hestum, sem var berskjalda&#240;ur fyrir &#254;j&#243;fna&#240;i. &#222;essi n&#253;i veruleiki kraf&#240;ist st&#246;&#240;ugrar &#225;rvekni til a&#240; verja hjar&#240;ir s&#237;nar&#8212;sem og t&#230;kif&#230;ra til a&#240; herja &#225; a&#240;ra. &#218;r var&#240; a&#240; menn myndu&#240;u &#254;&#233;ttri&#240;in str&#237;&#240;s-br&#230;&#240;ral&#246;g (&#254;. <em>M&#228;nnerbund</em>), sem voru sameinu&#240; &#237; gegnum ei&#240;a og gagnkv&#230;ma v&#246;rn.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-27" href="#footnote-27" target="_self">27</a> Innan &#254;essa samf&#233;lags spratt upp hetjuandi &#254;ar sem drengskapur, herfer&#240;ir og leit a&#240; &#8222;&#243;dau&#240;legri fr&#230;g&#240;&#8220; var&#240; mi&#240;punktur tilverunnar. &#222;essi hersk&#225;i l&#237;fst&#237;ll var&#240; til &#254;ess a&#240; Yamnaya menn &#254;r&#243;u&#240;u me&#240; s&#233;r &#254;&#225; str&#237;&#240;smenningu sem &#225;tti eftir a&#240; einkenna Yamnaya menn hvert sem &#254;eir f&#243;ru, allt fr&#225; Tr&#243;ju str&#237;&#240;um til landn&#225;ms &#205;slands.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-28" href="#footnote-28" target="_self">28</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BTyN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5531794c-e83d-4e4d-8e61-517f6e01c7b2_1672x941.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BTyN!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5531794c-e83d-4e4d-8e61-517f6e01c7b2_1672x941.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BTyN!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5531794c-e83d-4e4d-8e61-517f6e01c7b2_1672x941.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BTyN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5531794c-e83d-4e4d-8e61-517f6e01c7b2_1672x941.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BTyN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5531794c-e83d-4e4d-8e61-517f6e01c7b2_1672x941.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BTyN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5531794c-e83d-4e4d-8e61-517f6e01c7b2_1672x941.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BTyN!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5531794c-e83d-4e4d-8e61-517f6e01c7b2_1672x941.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BTyN!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5531794c-e83d-4e4d-8e61-517f6e01c7b2_1672x941.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BTyN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5531794c-e83d-4e4d-8e61-517f6e01c7b2_1672x941.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BTyN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5531794c-e83d-4e4d-8e61-517f6e01c7b2_1672x941.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#193;&#240;ur en Yamnaya menn h&#233;ldu &#237; vestur&#225;tt gengu &#254;eir &#237; gegnum b&#230;&#240;i t&#230;knilega og l&#237;ffr&#230;&#240;ilega byltingu. N&#253;st&#225;rlegt matar&#230;&#240;i, sem einkenndist af unnum mj&#243;lkurv&#246;rum veitti &#254;eim forskot &#237; l&#237;fsafkomu og fornleifaranns&#243;knir benda til &#254;ess a&#240; n&#225;tt&#250;ruval hafi &#225;tt s&#233;r sta&#240; fyrir h&#225;v&#246;xnum og sterkbygg&#240;um einstaklingum sem h&#246;f&#240;u l&#237;kamlegt og t&#230;knilegt forskot &#225; n&#225;granna s&#237;na.</p><h6><strong>Svipger&#240;<br></strong>Fornleifaranns&#243;knir Rosenstock et al. s&#253;na a&#240; Yamnaya-menn voru sterkbygg&#240;ir og h&#225;vaxnir, sem gaf &#254;eim l&#237;kamlega yfirbur&#240;i &#237; str&#237;&#240;i og hreyfanleika. &#222;eir voru me&#240; me&#240;ald&#246;kkan h&#250;&#240;lit en breytileika &#237; h&#225;r- og augnlit. Ranns&#243;knir Piffer et al. &#225; erf&#240;amengi hafa afhj&#250;pa&#240; h&#225;a t&#237;&#240;ni erf&#240;av&#237;sa sem tengjast tilhneigingu til kerfisbundinnar hugsunar og mynstragreiningar (e. Autism Spectrum Disorder) &#8211; eiginleika sem sumir fr&#230;&#240;imenn telja a&#240; hafi veitt &#254;eim forskot &#237; fl&#243;kinni verkfr&#230;&#240;i &#225; bor&#240; vi&#240; vagnasm&#237;&#240;i og m&#225;lmvinnslu. Jafnframt vir&#240;ast &#254;eir hafa b&#250;i&#240; yfir miklu andlegu m&#243;tst&#246;&#240;uafli gegn kv&#237;&#240;a og &#254;unglyndi, sem ger&#240;i &#254;&#225; einstaklega vel &#237; stakk b&#250;na til a&#240; &#254;r&#237;fast &#237; hinu h&#230;ttulega umhverfi sl&#233;ttunnar og &#237; &#254;eim str&#237;&#240;s&#225;t&#246;kum sem komu til me&#240; a&#240; einkenna menningu &#254;eirra. S&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ileg seigla og t&#230;knilegt hugvit Yamnaya-manna lag&#240;i &#254;annig grunninn a&#240; landn&#225;mi sem breytti l&#253;&#240;fr&#230;&#240;i Evr&#243;pu til framb&#250;&#240;ar.</h6><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-8rd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60e91459-ba8f-4c9e-a1c3-4947200566f7_1672x941.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-8rd!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60e91459-ba8f-4c9e-a1c3-4947200566f7_1672x941.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-8rd!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60e91459-ba8f-4c9e-a1c3-4947200566f7_1672x941.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-8rd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60e91459-ba8f-4c9e-a1c3-4947200566f7_1672x941.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-8rd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60e91459-ba8f-4c9e-a1c3-4947200566f7_1672x941.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-8rd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60e91459-ba8f-4c9e-a1c3-4947200566f7_1672x941.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-8rd!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60e91459-ba8f-4c9e-a1c3-4947200566f7_1672x941.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-8rd!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60e91459-ba8f-4c9e-a1c3-4947200566f7_1672x941.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-8rd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60e91459-ba8f-4c9e-a1c3-4947200566f7_1672x941.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-8rd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60e91459-ba8f-4c9e-a1c3-4947200566f7_1672x941.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Andlit sl&#233;ttunar: endurger&#240;ir Yamnaya manna, fr&#225; brons&#246;ld til j&#225;rnaldar (2600 - 600 f. Kr.) &#8212; Ancestral Whispers</figcaption></figure></div><p></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Ind&#243;evr&#243;pska bylgjan: Landn&#225;m, erf&#240;ir og go&#240;sagnir</strong></h3><h6><strong>Hugtaki&#240; Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn er regnhl&#237;farhugtak yfir ni&#240;ja Yamnaya-manna sem dreif&#240;u erf&#240;av&#237;sum, menningu og tungum&#225;li s&#237;nu v&#237;&#240;a &#237; Evras&#237;u en fyrstu v&#237;sbendingarnar um &#254;essa s&#246;gulegu &#250;t&#254;enslu voru afhj&#250;pa&#240;ar &#237; Indlandi &#225; 18. &#246;ld &#254;egar breski emb&#230;ttisma&#240;urinn Sir William Jones s&#253;ndi fram &#225; a&#240; indverska forn-tungum&#225;li&#240; sanskr&#237;t v&#230;ri skylt evr&#243;pskum tungum&#225;lum.</strong></h6><p>Um 3.300 f.Kr. haf&#240;i Yamnaya-m&#246;nnum fj&#246;lga&#240; svo mj&#246;g a&#240; &#254;eir brutust &#250;t af sl&#233;ttum Svartahafs &#237; &#250;tr&#225;s til vesturs. &#222;essari &#250;t&#254;enslubylgju fylgdu dj&#250;pst&#230;&#240; hamskipti &#225; l&#253;&#240;fr&#230;&#240;i Evr&#243;pu &#254;ar sem n&#253; og &#246;flug samf&#233;l&#246;g Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna ri&#240;u s&#233;r til r&#250;ms:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Sn&#230;ris-Keram&#237;kmenningin (e. Corded Ware culture) u.&#254;.b. 2900 f. Kr.:</strong> voru Yamnaya landnemar sem n&#225;&#240;u til Mi&#240;- og Nor&#240;ur-Evr&#243;pu, &#254;ar &#225; me&#240;al &#222;&#253;skalands og Skandinav&#237;u. &#222;ar bl&#246;ndu&#240;ust &#254;eir b&#230;ndum sem fyrir voru en erf&#240;amengi &#254;eirra var&#240; r&#225;&#240;andi &#254;annig a&#240; allt a&#240; 75% af erf&#240;aefni heimamanna v&#233;k fyrir erf&#240;um Yamnaya. Sn&#230;ris-Keram&#237;kmenningin lag&#240;i grunninn a&#240; germ&#246;nskum, baltneskum og slavneskum &#254;j&#243;&#240;um.</p></li><li><p><strong>Bj&#246;llubikar-menningin (e. Bell Beaker culture) u.&#254;.b. 2500 f.Kr.:</strong> Var annar armur s&#246;mu bylgju sem bar menningu Yamnaya enn lengra &#237; su&#240;vestur, allt til Bretlandseyja, &#205;ber&#237;uskaga og &#205;tal&#237;u. &#222;ar me&#240; voru r&#230;tur keltneskra og &#237;talskra (r&#243;mverskra) menningarheima settar ni&#240;ur.</p></li><li><p><strong>Grikkland og Balkanskagi (u.&#254;.b. 2000 f.Kr.):</strong> Yamnaya menn s&#243;ttu einnig beint til su&#240;urs. &#222;ar ruddust &#254;eir inn &#237; &#254;&#233;ttri&#240;in samf&#233;l&#246;g b&#230;nda, sem leiddi til fl&#243;knari bl&#246;ndunar en marka&#240;i engu a&#240; s&#237;&#240;ur upphaf menningar M&#253;kenu grikkja.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jnq8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30482586-9587-4bea-bac4-7cbf3567c689_4000x1895.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jnq8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30482586-9587-4bea-bac4-7cbf3567c689_4000x1895.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jnq8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30482586-9587-4bea-bac4-7cbf3567c689_4000x1895.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jnq8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30482586-9587-4bea-bac4-7cbf3567c689_4000x1895.jpeg 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div></li></ul><p>&#193;rangur Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna bygg&#240;ist a&#240; miklu leyti &#225; &#246;flugu f&#233;lagskerfi. Erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegan og menningarlegan arf Yamnaya-f&#243;lksins m&#225; rekja til hinna fornu vei&#240;imanna Evras&#237;u, &#254;ar sem sj&#225;lfst&#230;&#240;i einstaklingsins, traust og gagnkv&#230;m vi&#240;skipti voru &#237; fyrirr&#250;mi. Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn fl&#233;ttu&#240;u &#254;etta forna skipulag saman vi&#240; n&#253;tt kerfi sem sumir fr&#230;&#240;imenn kenna vi&#240; &#8222;a&#240;alsveldi&#8220; (e. aristocrazy)<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-29" href="#footnote-29" target="_self">29</a> og &#8222;a&#240;als-einstaklingshyggju&#8220; (e. aristocratic individualism)<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-30" href="#footnote-30" target="_self">30</a> &#254;ar sem &#243;breyttir einstaklingar g&#225;tu klifi&#240; metor&#240;astigann &#250;t fr&#225; h&#230;fni. Kjarni samf&#233;lagsins voru br&#230;&#240;ral&#246;g (&#254;. <em>M&#228;nnerbund</em>), &#254;ar sem tengsl og trygg&#240; voru reist &#225; sj&#225;lfviljugum ei&#240;um fremur en gegnum &#230;tterni og bl&#243;&#240;b&#246;nd. Lei&#240;togar voru ekki einvaldar, l&#237;kt og &#237; b&#230;ndasamf&#233;l&#246;gum, heldur fremstir me&#240;al jafningja. &#193;kvar&#240;anir voru teknar &#237; samr&#225;&#240;i vi&#240; h&#243;pinn, sem samanst&#243;&#240; af m&#246;nnum er h&#246;f&#240;u unni&#240; s&#233;r inn n&#230;gt fr&#230;g&#240;ar til a&#240; tilheyra br&#230;&#240;ralaginu. Valdast&#243;ll lei&#240;togans var ekki sj&#225;lfgefinn til &#230;viloka heldur bygg&#240;ist &#225; getu hans til a&#240; &#250;tvega f&#243;stbr&#230;&#240;rum s&#237;num gjafir og herfang. M&#246;nnum var einnig frj&#225;lst a&#240; sn&#250;a baki vi&#240; lei&#240;toga s&#237;num ef hann st&#243;&#240; ekki undir v&#230;ntingum.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-31" href="#footnote-31" target="_self">31</a></p><h5>Fornfr&#230;&#240;ingurinn Georges Dum&#233;zil hefur fjalla&#240; um hvernig<strong> Ind&#243;evr&#243;pskur tr&#250;arheimur</strong> bygg&#240;ist &#225; &#254;r&#237;skiptingu (fr. <em>tripartite</em>) samf&#233;lags og alheims sem skiptist &#237;; <strong>presta</strong>, <strong>str&#237;&#240;smenn</strong>, og <strong>hir&#240;ingja/b&#230;ndur</strong>. &#222;egar Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn breiddu &#250;r s&#233;r yfir Evr&#243;pu fluttu &#254;eir me&#240; s&#233;r go&#240;sagnir og helgisi&#240;i sem sn&#233;rust um himneskt alm&#230;tti, n.t. &#8222;<em>Himnaf&#246;&#240;ur</em>&#8220;. &#222;essi arfleif&#240; rann svo saman vi&#240; eldri tr&#250;arhef&#240;ir landb&#250;na&#240;arsamf&#233;laga Evr&#243;pu og m&#243;ta&#240;i s&#237;&#240;ar helstu go&#240;heima &#225;lfunnar, me&#240;al annars hinn gr&#237;ska, r&#243;mverska og norr&#230;na. &#205; norr&#230;nni go&#240;afr&#230;&#240;i birtist &#254;essi skipan hj&#225;; &#211;&#240;ni, sem tengist visku, g&#246;ldrum og heil&#246;gu valdi; &#222;&#243;r, sem holdgerir str&#237;&#240;smanninn; og Frey, sem stendur fyrir frj&#243;semi, fri&#240; og vels&#230;ld.<br>&#193;t&#246;k og s&#237;&#240;ari samruni &#193;sa og Vana hafa einnig veri&#240; t&#250;lku&#240; sem go&#240;s&#246;guleg aflei&#240;ing af samruna samf&#233;lags b&#230;nda vi&#240; Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn. Go&#240;heimar Evr&#243;pu hv&#237;la &#254;annig &#225; sameiginlegu ind&#243;evr&#243;psku minni eins og alheimur skapa&#240;ur &#250;r l&#237;kama frumveru, &#221;mir (PIE. Yemos), og hetjan sem fellir drekann &#8212; fr&#225; Indra og Heraklesi til Sigur&#240;ar F&#225;fnisbana.</h5><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!evAY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d53b95-b99d-47bf-b2fb-70e5640db098_1672x941.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!evAY!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d53b95-b99d-47bf-b2fb-70e5640db098_1672x941.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!evAY!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d53b95-b99d-47bf-b2fb-70e5640db098_1672x941.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!evAY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d53b95-b99d-47bf-b2fb-70e5640db098_1672x941.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!evAY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d53b95-b99d-47bf-b2fb-70e5640db098_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!evAY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d53b95-b99d-47bf-b2fb-70e5640db098_1672x941.png" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d7d53b95-b99d-47bf-b2fb-70e5640db098_1672x941.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2503249,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.opinaugu.is/i/198534967?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d53b95-b99d-47bf-b2fb-70e5640db098_1672x941.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!evAY!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d53b95-b99d-47bf-b2fb-70e5640db098_1672x941.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!evAY!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d53b95-b99d-47bf-b2fb-70e5640db098_1672x941.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!evAY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d53b95-b99d-47bf-b2fb-70e5640db098_1672x941.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!evAY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd7d53b95-b99d-47bf-b2fb-70e5640db098_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Menning Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna var drengilegur heimur drifinn &#225;fram af &#230;vint&#253;ra&#254;r&#225; og l&#246;ngun eftir fr&#230;g&#240;. Sl&#237;kar hugmyndir lifa n&#225;nast &#243;breyttar &#237; norr&#230;nni go&#240;afr&#230;&#240;i og &#237;slenskum fornb&#243;kmenntum &#254;ar sem &#230;&#240;sta markmi&#240;i&#240; var a&#240; deyja me&#240; s&#230;md &#237; orrustu svo hetjud&#225;&#240;anna yr&#240;i minnst a&#240; eil&#237;fu.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-32" href="#footnote-32" target="_self">32</a></p><p><strong>N&#253;lendurstefna</strong><br>&#222;a&#240; m&#225; einnig segja a&#240; Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn hafi veri&#240; fyrirrennarar n&#253;lenduveldanna og a&#240; &#254;eir hafi starfa&#240; sem eins konar &#8222;s&#233;rleyfishafar&#8220; fyrir menningu s&#237;na sem f&#243;lst &#237; &#254;v&#237; a&#240; &#254;eir &#254;r&#246;ngvu&#240;u tungum&#225;li s&#237;nu og gildum upp &#225; &#254;j&#243;&#240;ir sem &#254;eir hern&#225;mu.</p><p>M&#225;ttur Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna s&#253;nir sig gl&#246;ggt &#237; s&#246;gu svokalla&#240;ra Ind&#243;-Ar&#237;a, sem voru afkomendur Sn&#230;ris-Keram&#237;kmenningarnar &#237; austur Evr&#243;pu. Me&#240; uppfinningu fisl&#233;ttra str&#237;&#240;svagna me&#240; teinu&#240;um hj&#243;lum s&#243;ttu Ar&#237;ar til su&#240;austurs af miklum &#254;unga og reistu &#254;ar voldug r&#237;ki &#225; sv&#230;&#240;i sem n&#225;&#240;i fr&#225; &#205;ran til K&#237;na. E&#240;li &#254;essara landvinninga var &#243;l&#237;kt landn&#225;mi Yamnaya &#237; Evr&#243;pu, &#254;ar sem &#254;eir skiptu &#250;t meira en helming mannfj&#246;ldans, en &#237; &#205;ran og Indlandi myndu&#240;u Ar&#237;ar minnihluta &#237;b&#250;a. &#222;r&#225;tt fyrir &#254;a&#240; t&#243;kst Ar&#237;um a&#240; hrifsa til s&#237;n v&#246;ldin og st&#253;ra &#254;ar fj&#246;lmennum b&#230;ndasamf&#233;l&#246;gum sem f&#225;menn el&#237;ta.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-33" href="#footnote-33" target="_self">33</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4lwF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6037fe7a-1666-4aa1-8e79-d76bac93592d_1672x941.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4lwF!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6037fe7a-1666-4aa1-8e79-d76bac93592d_1672x941.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4lwF!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6037fe7a-1666-4aa1-8e79-d76bac93592d_1672x941.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4lwF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6037fe7a-1666-4aa1-8e79-d76bac93592d_1672x941.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4lwF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6037fe7a-1666-4aa1-8e79-d76bac93592d_1672x941.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Hitt&#237;taveldi&#240; &#237; Anat&#243;l&#237;u er sk&#253;rasta d&#230;mi&#240; um hvernig Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn r&#237;ktu sem f&#225;menn yfirst&#233;tt yfir fj&#246;lmennum landb&#250;na&#240;ar&#254;j&#243;&#240;um. &#222;&#243;tt Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn hafi n&#225;nast ekkert blanda&#240; bl&#243;&#240;i vi&#240; b&#230;ndur &#237; Hitt&#237;eu, yfirt&#243;ku &#254;eir stj&#243;rnkerfi&#240; og &#254;vingu&#240;u samf&#233;lagi&#240; til a&#240; tala ind&#243;evr&#243;pska tungu og fylgja ind&#243;evr&#243;pskum l&#246;gum.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-34" href="#footnote-34" target="_self">34</a></p><p>Hvort sem &#254;a&#240; var me&#240; erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegri &#250;tskiptingu &#237; nor&#240;ri e&#240;a p&#243;lit&#237;skri yfirt&#246;ku &#237; su&#240;ri, &#254;&#225; endurskrifu&#240;u Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn l&#246;g, tungum&#225;l og s&#246;gu hins forna heims, jafnt &#237; Evr&#243;pu sem &#237; As&#237;u. </p><p>Sn&#230;ris-Keram&#237;k-menningin, sem nam land &#237; Nor&#240;ur- og Mi&#240;-Evr&#243;pu, leysti allt a&#240; 75% af erf&#240;aefni b&#230;ndasamf&#233;laganna af h&#243;lmi &#254;annig a&#240; enn &#254;ann dag &#237; dag m&#225; rekja allt a&#240; helming af erf&#240;amengi n&#250;t&#237;ma Evr&#243;pub&#250;a til Ind&#243;evr&#243;pskra &#8218;<em>v&#237;kinga</em>&#8216;.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-35" href="#footnote-35" target="_self">35</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hoUU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F519fd564-a95c-4a4a-b5ee-6de487b084b3_625x546.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hoUU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F519fd564-a95c-4a4a-b5ee-6de487b084b3_625x546.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hoUU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F519fd564-a95c-4a4a-b5ee-6de487b084b3_625x546.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hoUU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F519fd564-a95c-4a4a-b5ee-6de487b084b3_625x546.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hoUU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F519fd564-a95c-4a4a-b5ee-6de487b084b3_625x546.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hoUU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F519fd564-a95c-4a4a-b5ee-6de487b084b3_625x546.jpeg" width="625" height="546" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/519fd564-a95c-4a4a-b5ee-6de487b084b3_625x546.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:546,&quot;width&quot;:625,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hoUU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F519fd564-a95c-4a4a-b5ee-6de487b084b3_625x546.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hoUU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F519fd564-a95c-4a4a-b5ee-6de487b084b3_625x546.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hoUU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F519fd564-a95c-4a4a-b5ee-6de487b084b3_625x546.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hoUU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F519fd564-a95c-4a4a-b5ee-6de487b084b3_625x546.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#193;&#240;ur en Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn m&#230;ttu til s&#246;gunnar var Evr&#243;pa &#225; &#254;r&#246;m &#254;ess a&#240; daga uppi sem kyrrl&#225;tt b&#230;ndasamf&#233;lag. En segja m&#225; a&#240; landn&#225;m Yamnaya-manna, sem spratt &#250;r fornri bl&#246;ndu austr&#230;nna vei&#240;imanna, hafi &#8222;endur-vei&#240;imannav&#230;tt&#8220; Evr&#243;pu&#8212;sem var byrju&#240; a&#240; sta&#240;na &#237; akuryrkju og bl&#233;su &#254;annig enn &#225; n&#253; seiglu vei&#240;imanna &#237; menningu &#225;lfunnar.</p><p>Vi&#240; &#254;essi erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegu hamskipti var&#240; umbylting &#225; menningu Evr&#243;pu. &#205; sta&#240; jafna&#240;armennsku vei&#240;imanna e&#240;a &#230;ttarskipulags b&#230;nda, kynntu Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn til s&#246;gunnar n&#253;tt skipulag <strong>&#8222;a&#240;alsveldis&#8220;</strong> og <strong>&#8222;a&#240;als-einstaklingshyggju&#8220;</strong>. Skipulag yfirst&#233;ttarinnar sn&#233;rist n&#250; &#237; auknum m&#230;li um br&#230;&#240;ral&#246;g (&#254;. <em>M&#228;nnerbund</em>), &#254;ar sem menn voru sameina&#240;ir gegnum ei&#240;a, ver&#240;leika og hetjud&#225;&#240;ir&#8212;frekar en einber bl&#243;&#240;b&#246;nd. Vi&#240; b&#230;ttist svo st&#233;tt presta og b&#230;nda og &#250;r var&#240; hi&#240; &#254;r&#237;skipta (fr. tripartite) valdaskipulag Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna sem seinna var&#240; hugmyndafr&#230;&#240;ilegur hornsteinn a&#240; st&#243;rveldum Evr&#243;pu:</p><ul><li><p><strong>M&#253;kenugrikkja</strong>, sem voru forfe&#240;ur Spartverja og A&#254;eninga.</p></li><li><p><strong>&#205;t&#246;lsku &#230;ttb&#225;lkanna</strong>, sem s&#237;&#240;ar reistu R&#243;maveldi.</p></li><li><p><strong>Germ&#246;nsku &#254;j&#243;&#240;anna</strong> &#237; nor&#240;ri.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Al3G!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21d8490-d188-48c8-afa0-01b7979945fe_1448x1086.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Al3G!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21d8490-d188-48c8-afa0-01b7979945fe_1448x1086.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Al3G!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21d8490-d188-48c8-afa0-01b7979945fe_1448x1086.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Al3G!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21d8490-d188-48c8-afa0-01b7979945fe_1448x1086.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Al3G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21d8490-d188-48c8-afa0-01b7979945fe_1448x1086.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Al3G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb21d8490-d188-48c8-afa0-01b7979945fe_1448x1086.png" width="1448" height="1086" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div></li></ul><p>Allar &#254;essar &#254;j&#243;&#240;ir reka r&#243;t s&#237;na til drifkrafts ind&#243;evr&#243;pskra gilda. H&#233;r &#225; &#205;slandi sj&#225;um vi&#240; sk&#253;rustu leifarnar af &#254;essari fornu heimsmynd; &#237; norr&#230;nni go&#240;afr&#230;&#240;i og si&#240;um v&#237;kinga var &#230;&#240;sti hei&#240;urinn a&#240; deyja me&#240; s&#230;md &#237; orrustu og tryggja s&#233;r &#254;annig g&#243;&#240;an or&#240;st&#237;r sem deyr aldrei.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-36" href="#footnote-36" target="_self">36</a> &#205;slensk tunga er l&#237;ka eitt elsta lifandi tungum&#225;l Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna. &#205;slensk menning &#205;slensk menning rekur &#254;annig r&#243;t s&#237;na samfellt til hins forna f&#243;stbr&#230;&#240;ralags sl&#233;ttunnar.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lEiY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa325cee6-1c11-4d57-b933-11303f60adfb_3634x2009.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lEiY!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa325cee6-1c11-4d57-b933-11303f60adfb_3634x2009.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lEiY!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa325cee6-1c11-4d57-b933-11303f60adfb_3634x2009.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lEiY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa325cee6-1c11-4d57-b933-11303f60adfb_3634x2009.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lEiY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa325cee6-1c11-4d57-b933-11303f60adfb_3634x2009.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lEiY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa325cee6-1c11-4d57-b933-11303f60adfb_3634x2009.jpeg" width="1456" height="805" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lEiY!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa325cee6-1c11-4d57-b933-11303f60adfb_3634x2009.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lEiY!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa325cee6-1c11-4d57-b933-11303f60adfb_3634x2009.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lEiY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa325cee6-1c11-4d57-b933-11303f60adfb_3634x2009.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lEiY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa325cee6-1c11-4d57-b933-11303f60adfb_3634x2009.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Deyr f&#233;, deyja fr&#230;ndur, deyr sj&#225;lfur i&#240; sama. En or&#240;st&#237;r deyr aldregi hveim er s&#233;r g&#243;&#240;an getur. Deyr f&#233;, deyja fr&#230;ndur, deyr sj&#225;lfur i&#240; sama. Eg veit einn a&#240; aldrei deyr: d&#243;mur um dau&#240;an hvern.</figcaption></figure></div><div><hr></div><p></p><p>A&#240; &#254;essu s&#246;g&#240;u dregur h&#246;fundur &#254;&#225; &#225;lyktun a&#240; samf&#233;lagsger&#240; Evr&#243;pumanna hv&#237;li &#225; &#254;remur sto&#240;um: skipulagsh&#230;fni b&#230;nda, f&#233;lagshyggju vei&#240;imanna og, s&#237;&#240;ast en ekki s&#237;st, einstaklingshyggju Yamnaya-manna. Hi&#240; s&#237;&#240;astnefnda vegur &#254;&#243; &#254;yngst, &#254;v&#237; Yamnaya-menn f&#230;r&#240;u okkur menningarlega yfirbyggingu eins og &#254;ingbundi&#240; stj&#243;rnarfar og metna&#240;ardrifin stigveldi bygg&#240; &#225; ver&#240;leikum einstaklingins.<br>Einnig m&#225; f&#230;ra r&#246;k fyrir &#254;v&#237; a&#240; ekkert h&#243;peinkenni hafi haft jafn dj&#250;pst&#230;&#240; &#225;hrif &#225; m&#243;tun Vesturlanda og eir&#240;arleysi Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumanna og &#243;se&#240;jandi l&#246;ngun &#254;eirra til landvinninga og k&#246;nnunar.</p><p>Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn hafa &#254;&#243; ekki einkar&#233;tt &#225; sj&#225;lfst&#230;&#240;i einstaklingsins, enda bendir margt til &#254;ess a&#240; einstaklingshyggja hafi veri&#240; h&#246;mru&#240; til og hert &#237; erf&#240;amengi vei&#240;imanna &#237; Evr&#243;pu snemma &#225; &#237;s&#246;ld. Ind&#243;evr&#243;pumenn &#254;r&#243;u&#240;u &#254;essa einstaklingshyggju &#225;fram, en &#254;eir, eins og a&#240;rir vei&#240;imenn, spruttu &#250;r h&#243;pum &#254;ar sem sj&#225;lfst&#230;&#240;i einstaklingsins og f&#233;lagshyggja voru samofin &#237; samf&#233;l&#246;g sem bygg&#240;ust &#225; gagnkv&#230;mu trausti &#254;ar sem or&#240;spor var d&#253;rm&#230;tasti gjaldmi&#240;ilinn.</p><p>A&#240; lokum er gott a&#240; hafa &#237; huga a&#240; &#254;&#243; Evr&#243;pa n&#250;t&#237;mans s&#233; margslungin blanda ind&#243;evr&#243;pskra hir&#240;ingja, anat&#243;l&#237;skra b&#230;nda og vei&#240;imanna, &#254;&#225; er s&#250; blanda afur&#240; sama grunnstofns f&#243;lks sem nam land &#237; Evr&#243;pu &#225; &#237;s&#246;ld.<br>Saga Evr&#243;pumanna teygir sig &#254;annig a&#240; miklu leyti fimmt&#237;u &#254;&#250;sund &#225;r aftur&#8212;og &#246;ldungis samfellt fimm &#254;&#250;sund &#225;r aftur t&#237;mann.</p><p></p><p>G.<br>Kj&#243;sars&#253;sla, 2026</p><p></p><p>Ps.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33Zg!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20cfb07c-9ed4-4d5b-b46e-40b65301c453_6000x3434.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33Zg!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20cfb07c-9ed4-4d5b-b46e-40b65301c453_6000x3434.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33Zg!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20cfb07c-9ed4-4d5b-b46e-40b65301c453_6000x3434.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33Zg!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20cfb07c-9ed4-4d5b-b46e-40b65301c453_6000x3434.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33Zg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20cfb07c-9ed4-4d5b-b46e-40b65301c453_6000x3434.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33Zg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20cfb07c-9ed4-4d5b-b46e-40b65301c453_6000x3434.jpeg" width="1456" height="833" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33Zg!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20cfb07c-9ed4-4d5b-b46e-40b65301c453_6000x3434.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33Zg!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20cfb07c-9ed4-4d5b-b46e-40b65301c453_6000x3434.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33Zg!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20cfb07c-9ed4-4d5b-b46e-40b65301c453_6000x3434.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!33Zg!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20cfb07c-9ed4-4d5b-b46e-40b65301c453_6000x3434.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Evr&#243;pumenn eru hvorki blanda margra kynstofna n&#233; afur&#240; einnar &#254;j&#243;&#240;ar - heldur erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ileg fl&#233;tta sama grunnstofns sem hefur fl&#233;ttast saman me&#240; sj&#225;lfum s&#233;r &#237; 50 &#254;&#250;sund &#225;r.</figcaption></figure></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Reich, David. <em>Who We Are and How We Got Here</em>. 2018.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" 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Tony Pollard og Iain Banks. 2007.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-32" href="#footnote-anchor-32" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">32</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Dum&#233;zil, Georges. <em>Mythe et &#201;pop&#233;e I&#8211;III</em>. 1968&#8211;1973</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-33" href="#footnote-anchor-33" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">33</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Kuz&#8217;mina, Elena E. &#8220;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004731851_006">The Archaeology and Genetics of Indo-Iranian Prehistory</a>.&#8221; &#205; <em>The Indo-Europeans from the Homeland to the Historical Perspectives</em>, ritstj. Birgit Anette Olsen, Thomas Olander og Kristian Kristiansen. 2022.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-34" href="#footnote-anchor-34" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">34</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Drews, Robert. <em>Militarism and the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe</em>. 2017.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-35" href="#footnote-anchor-35" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">35</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Haak, Wolfgang, o.fl. &#8220;<a href="https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/nature14317.pdf">Massive Migration from the Steppe Was a Source for Indo-European Languages in Europe.</a>&#8221; 2015, mynd 3.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-36" href="#footnote-anchor-36" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">36</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><em>H&#225;vam&#225;l</em>. <em>Konungsb&#243;k</em> (Codex Regius, GKS 2365 4to), 4v.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Óstjórn-Ofríkis (Anarcho-Tyranny)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Hry&#240;juverkask&#253;rsla greiningardeildar r&#237;kisl&#246;greglustj&#243;ra]]></description><link>https://www.opinaugu.is/p/ostjorn-ofrikis</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.opinaugu.is/p/ostjorn-ofrikis</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Opin Augu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 26 Jul 2025 13:16:04 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/641c5611-bc2f-4ea6-94e3-d973a6b47585_979x783.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>&#211;stj&#243;rn-ofr&#237;kis</strong> er samf&#233;lags&#225;stand &#254;ar sem stj&#243;rnv&#246;ld l&#225;ta raunverulega gl&#230;pi &#243;&#225;reitta en beita l&#246;ghl&#253;&#240;na borgara har&#240;stj&#243;rn og ofr&#237;ki.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> &#222;etta er kjarninn &#237; &#254;v&#237; sem er a&#240; gerast &#225; &#205;slandi &#237; dag.<br></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mq29!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0aeafbf-44b0-4a99-bca7-82ed4e9d19aa_1696x1461.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mq29!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0aeafbf-44b0-4a99-bca7-82ed4e9d19aa_1696x1461.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mq29!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0aeafbf-44b0-4a99-bca7-82ed4e9d19aa_1696x1461.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mq29!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0aeafbf-44b0-4a99-bca7-82ed4e9d19aa_1696x1461.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mq29!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0aeafbf-44b0-4a99-bca7-82ed4e9d19aa_1696x1461.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mq29!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0aeafbf-44b0-4a99-bca7-82ed4e9d19aa_1696x1461.jpeg" width="524" height="451.3021978021978" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f0aeafbf-44b0-4a99-bca7-82ed4e9d19aa_1696x1461.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1254,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:524,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Image&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Image" title="Image" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mq29!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0aeafbf-44b0-4a99-bca7-82ed4e9d19aa_1696x1461.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mq29!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0aeafbf-44b0-4a99-bca7-82ed4e9d19aa_1696x1461.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mq29!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0aeafbf-44b0-4a99-bca7-82ed4e9d19aa_1696x1461.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mq29!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0aeafbf-44b0-4a99-bca7-82ed4e9d19aa_1696x1461.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>&#205; n&#253;rri sk&#253;rslu greiningardeildar r&#237;kisl&#246;greglustj&#243;ra um hry&#240;juverka&#243;gn &#225; &#205;slandi segir a&#240; helsta h&#230;ttan komi fr&#225; &#8222;<em>ofbeldisfullri h&#230;gri &#246;fgahyggju</em>&#8220;.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> Athygli vekur a&#240; or&#240;i&#240; &#8222;<strong>vinstri</strong>&#8220; kemur hvergi fram. Hverjir eru raunverulega a&#240; h&#243;ta ofbeldi h&#233;r &#225; landi?</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QcpD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58982259-5b72-47a5-859f-851200b889e4_766x554.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QcpD!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58982259-5b72-47a5-859f-851200b889e4_766x554.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QcpD!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58982259-5b72-47a5-859f-851200b889e4_766x554.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QcpD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58982259-5b72-47a5-859f-851200b889e4_766x554.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QcpD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58982259-5b72-47a5-859f-851200b889e4_766x554.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QcpD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58982259-5b72-47a5-859f-851200b889e4_766x554.png" width="492" height="355.8328981723238" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/58982259-5b72-47a5-859f-851200b889e4_766x554.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:554,&quot;width&quot;:766,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:492,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Image&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Image" title="Image" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QcpD!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58982259-5b72-47a5-859f-851200b889e4_766x554.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QcpD!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58982259-5b72-47a5-859f-851200b889e4_766x554.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QcpD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58982259-5b72-47a5-859f-851200b889e4_766x554.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QcpD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58982259-5b72-47a5-859f-851200b889e4_766x554.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Raunveruleikinn er s&#225; a&#240; vinstrimenn &#225; &#205;slandi hafa &#237;treka&#240; h&#243;ta&#240; ofbeldi &#225; netinu&#8212;&#254;a&#240; blasir vi&#240; &#246;llum sem lesa samf&#233;lagsmi&#240;la. Samt talar greiningardeild r&#237;kisl&#246;greglustj&#243;ra a&#240;eins um h&#230;gri&#246;fgahyggju.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GMkb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F459339d1-afa8-4a8b-a231-7b74880277e3_2390x1786.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GMkb!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F459339d1-afa8-4a8b-a231-7b74880277e3_2390x1786.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GMkb!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F459339d1-afa8-4a8b-a231-7b74880277e3_2390x1786.jpeg 848w, 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GMkb!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F459339d1-afa8-4a8b-a231-7b74880277e3_2390x1786.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GMkb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F459339d1-afa8-4a8b-a231-7b74880277e3_2390x1786.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GMkb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F459339d1-afa8-4a8b-a231-7b74880277e3_2390x1786.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" 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y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Greiningardeild r&#237;kisl&#246;greglustj&#243;ra kvartar yfir &#254;v&#237; a&#240; h&#230;gri&#240; noti <em>sams&#230;riskenningar</em>&#8212;en beita &#254;eim svo sj&#225;lfir me&#240; &#254;v&#237; a&#240; gefa &#237; skyn a&#240; tilr&#230;&#240;ismenn Donlads Trumps, forseta Bandar&#237;kjanna, hafi veri&#240; h&#230;grimenn. &#222;etta er gasl&#253;sing &#237; h&#230;sta g&#230;&#240;aflokki, &#254;ar sem tilr&#230;&#240;ismenn Trumps voru auglj&#243;slega <strong>vinstrisinna&#240;ir </strong>&#246;fgamenn.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JNn4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5da8614-d0ad-48cd-88d0-74cd56404daa_1424x1836.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><br>&#211;gnin vi&#240; Trump einskor&#240;ast &#254;&#243; ekki bara vi&#240; erlenda tilr&#230;&#240;ismenn heldur hafa &#237;slenskir vinstrimenn einnig kalla&#240; opinberlega eftir &#254;v&#237; a&#240; Trump ver&#240;i drepinn. Samt &#254;ykist greiningardeild r&#237;kisl&#246;greglustj&#243;ra b&#250;a yfir vitneskju um a&#240; &#254;a&#240; s&#233;u h&#230;gri&#246;fgamenn sem s&#233;u &#243;gn vi&#240; l&#253;&#240;r&#230;&#240;i&#240; &#225; &#205;slandi ...</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EUMF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1702f7c-c394-4186-b40d-661afcb16078_2390x1786.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EUMF!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1702f7c-c394-4186-b40d-661afcb16078_2390x1786.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EUMF!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1702f7c-c394-4186-b40d-661afcb16078_2390x1786.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EUMF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1702f7c-c394-4186-b40d-661afcb16078_2390x1786.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EUMF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1702f7c-c394-4186-b40d-661afcb16078_2390x1786.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EUMF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1702f7c-c394-4186-b40d-661afcb16078_2390x1786.jpeg" width="462" height="345.2307692307692" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e1702f7c-c394-4186-b40d-661afcb16078_2390x1786.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1088,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:462,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Image&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Image" title="Image" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EUMF!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1702f7c-c394-4186-b40d-661afcb16078_2390x1786.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EUMF!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1702f7c-c394-4186-b40d-661afcb16078_2390x1786.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EUMF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1702f7c-c394-4186-b40d-661afcb16078_2390x1786.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EUMF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1702f7c-c394-4186-b40d-661afcb16078_2390x1786.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p></p><p><strong>HRY&#208;JUVERK</strong><br>Greiningardeild r&#237;kisl&#246;greglustj&#243;ra fullyr&#240;ir a&#240; h&#230;gri&#246;fgamenn s&#233;u helsta hry&#240;juverka&#243;gnin &#237; Evr&#243;pu. Virkilega? Voru &#254;a&#240; h&#230;grimenn sem keyr&#240;u inn &#237; j&#243;lamarka&#240;i v&#237;&#240;a um Evr&#243;pu? <br>Sta&#240;reyndin er einfaldlega allt &#246;nnur (!) en samkv&#230;mt t&#246;lfr&#230;&#240;i eru m&#250;slimar &#225; bilinu <strong>80&#8211;130 SINNUM</strong> l&#237;klegri til a&#240; fremja hry&#240;juverk &#237; Nor&#240;ur-Evr&#243;pu en h&#230;gri&#246;fgamenn.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a> <a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a> &#222;etta er raunveruleikinn sem sk&#253;rsla greiningardeildar &#254;egir yfir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ovdB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5bf8431-9d15-4acf-a224-84b653c633cf_1404x812.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ovdB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5bf8431-9d15-4acf-a224-84b653c633cf_1404x812.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ovdB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5bf8431-9d15-4acf-a224-84b653c633cf_1404x812.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ovdB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5bf8431-9d15-4acf-a224-84b653c633cf_1404x812.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ovdB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5bf8431-9d15-4acf-a224-84b653c633cf_1404x812.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ovdB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5bf8431-9d15-4acf-a224-84b653c633cf_1404x812.jpeg" width="652" height="377.0826210826211" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c5bf8431-9d15-4acf-a224-84b653c633cf_1404x812.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:812,&quot;width&quot;:1404,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:652,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Image&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Image" title="Image" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ovdB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5bf8431-9d15-4acf-a224-84b653c633cf_1404x812.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ovdB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5bf8431-9d15-4acf-a224-84b653c633cf_1404x812.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ovdB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5bf8431-9d15-4acf-a224-84b653c633cf_1404x812.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ovdB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5bf8431-9d15-4acf-a224-84b653c633cf_1404x812.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Vissulega geta innf&#230;ddir einnig gerst sekir um vo&#240;averk en hry&#240;juverk eru sjaldg&#230;f &#237; einsleitum samf&#233;l&#246;gum&#8212;hvort sem um er a&#240; r&#230;&#240;a einstaklinga sem heita M&#250;hamme&#240; e&#240;a Breivik.</p><p>Hry&#240;juverka&#243;gn stafar helst af misleitni og fj&#246;lmenningu sem eykur spennu og &#225;t&#246;k innan samf&#233;laga &#254;ar sem &#243;l&#237;kir h&#243;par keppa s&#237;n &#225; milli um v&#246;ld og &#225;hrif &#225; sv&#230;&#240;um &#254;ar sem &#225;&#240;ur r&#237;kti samheldni. Einsleit samf&#233;l&#246;g &#254;urfa hins vegar ekki a&#240; gl&#237;ma vi&#240; sl&#237;ka spennu, skautun og ja&#240;arsetningu &#243;l&#237;kra h&#243;pa&#8212;hvort sem &#254;eir tengjast n&#253;nasisma e&#240;a r&#237;ki &#205;slams.</p><p>Raunverulegur &#243;vinur r&#237;kisl&#246;greglustj&#243;ra er &#237; rauninni ekki sl&#237;kir ja&#240;arh&#243;par heldur mun frekar J&#243;n og Gunna&#8212;venjulegt f&#243;lk &#250;r millist&#233;tt me&#240; kristin gildi, s&#233;reignarsparna&#240; og getu til a&#240; standa uppi &#237; h&#225;rinu gegn ofr&#237;ki og valdbeitingu yfirvaldsins &#237; krafti &#243;stj&#243;rnar.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7pmG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84b53ead-70f0-42bd-94d1-b6226d8e81cd_988x734.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7pmG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84b53ead-70f0-42bd-94d1-b6226d8e81cd_988x734.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7pmG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84b53ead-70f0-42bd-94d1-b6226d8e81cd_988x734.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7pmG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84b53ead-70f0-42bd-94d1-b6226d8e81cd_988x734.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7pmG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84b53ead-70f0-42bd-94d1-b6226d8e81cd_988x734.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7pmG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84b53ead-70f0-42bd-94d1-b6226d8e81cd_988x734.jpeg" width="524" height="389.2874493927126" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/84b53ead-70f0-42bd-94d1-b6226d8e81cd_988x734.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:734,&quot;width&quot;:988,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:524,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Image&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Image" title="Image" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7pmG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84b53ead-70f0-42bd-94d1-b6226d8e81cd_988x734.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7pmG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84b53ead-70f0-42bd-94d1-b6226d8e81cd_988x734.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7pmG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84b53ead-70f0-42bd-94d1-b6226d8e81cd_988x734.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7pmG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F84b53ead-70f0-42bd-94d1-b6226d8e81cd_988x734.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><br></p><p><strong>TAKT&#205;K &#211;STJ&#211;RNAR</strong><br>Yfirv&#246;ld n&#253;ta s&#233;r &#243;stj&#243;rn-ofr&#237;kis &#254;ar sem gl&#230;pir sm&#225; og-st&#243;r krimma eru hundsa&#240;ir, en ofs&#230;kir frekar millist&#233;ttarf&#243;lk fyrir tittlingask&#237;t &#8212; e&#240;a einfaldlega &#225;hyggjur af eigin &#246;ryggi: <br>Kvartar &#254;&#250; yfir ofbeldi gegn b&#246;rnunum &#254;&#237;num? <br>&#222;&#225; g&#230;ti r&#237;kisl&#246;greglustj&#243;ri hlera&#240; s&#237;mann &#254;inn og jafnvel k&#230;rt &#254;ig fyrir <em>hatursor&#240;r&#230;&#240;u</em>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4R3G!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e08d9b6-a4a6-4d7a-b3d6-44599705331e_1080x1427.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4R3G!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e08d9b6-a4a6-4d7a-b3d6-44599705331e_1080x1427.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4R3G!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e08d9b6-a4a6-4d7a-b3d6-44599705331e_1080x1427.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4R3G!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e08d9b6-a4a6-4d7a-b3d6-44599705331e_1080x1427.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4R3G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e08d9b6-a4a6-4d7a-b3d6-44599705331e_1080x1427.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4R3G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e08d9b6-a4a6-4d7a-b3d6-44599705331e_1080x1427.jpeg" width="466" height="615.7240740740741" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0e08d9b6-a4a6-4d7a-b3d6-44599705331e_1080x1427.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1427,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:466,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Image&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Image" title="Image" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4R3G!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e08d9b6-a4a6-4d7a-b3d6-44599705331e_1080x1427.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4R3G!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e08d9b6-a4a6-4d7a-b3d6-44599705331e_1080x1427.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4R3G!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e08d9b6-a4a6-4d7a-b3d6-44599705331e_1080x1427.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4R3G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e08d9b6-a4a6-4d7a-b3d6-44599705331e_1080x1427.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>N&#253;legt d&#230;mi um sl&#237;kt ofr&#237;ki og tv&#237;skinnung var &#254;egar foreldar barna &#250;r Brei&#240;holtssk&#243;la f&#243;ru fram &#225; fund me&#240; r&#225;&#240;herra &#254;v&#237; b&#246;rn &#254;eirra eru beitt kyn&#254;&#225;tta ofbeldi af ar&#246;bum. Var &#254;eim &#254;&#225; sagt a&#240; &#254;egja &#225; me&#240;an s&#246;mu arabar&#8212;sem voru sekir um ofbeldi&#8212;fengu fund me&#240; fors&#230;tisr&#225;&#240;herra til a&#240; r&#230;&#240;a m&#225;lefni sem v&#246;r&#240;u&#240;u &#225;st &#225; eigin &#230;ttj&#246;r&#240; (Palest&#237;na). <a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rhuq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2091adab-74d2-4717-9862-afee0e7380a7_1080x612.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rhuq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2091adab-74d2-4717-9862-afee0e7380a7_1080x612.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rhuq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2091adab-74d2-4717-9862-afee0e7380a7_1080x612.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rhuq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2091adab-74d2-4717-9862-afee0e7380a7_1080x612.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rhuq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2091adab-74d2-4717-9862-afee0e7380a7_1080x612.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rhuq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2091adab-74d2-4717-9862-afee0e7380a7_1080x612.jpeg" width="535" height="303.1666666666667" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2091adab-74d2-4717-9862-afee0e7380a7_1080x612.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:612,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:535,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Image&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Image" title="Image" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rhuq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2091adab-74d2-4717-9862-afee0e7380a7_1080x612.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rhuq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2091adab-74d2-4717-9862-afee0e7380a7_1080x612.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rhuq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2091adab-74d2-4717-9862-afee0e7380a7_1080x612.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rhuq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2091adab-74d2-4717-9862-afee0e7380a7_1080x612.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p><strong>NJ&#211;SNIR</strong><br>Greiningardeild r&#237;kisl&#246;greglustj&#243;ra stefnir a&#240; &#254;v&#237; a&#240; innlei&#240;a nj&#243;snir um &#205;slendinga l&#237;kt og &#237; Bretlandi, &#254;ar sem yfir 400 foreldrar hafa veri&#240; fangelsa&#240;ir fyrir &#8222;<em>hugsanagl&#230;pi</em>&#8220;. &#222;etta er li&#240;ur &#237; &#254;v&#237; a&#240; tort&#237;ma millist&#233;ttinni svo vald r&#237;kisins vaxi og dafni &#237; ofr&#237;ki &#243;stj&#243;rnar.<br>Til &#254;ess a&#240; uppfylla &#254;etta markmi&#240; hefur r&#237;kisl&#246;greglustj&#243;ri&#8212;me&#240; feluleik og b&#243;khaldsblekkingum&#8212;fj&#225;rfest &#237; b&#250;na&#240;i fr&#225; &#205;srael sem gerir &#254;eim kleift a&#240; brj&#243;tast inn &#237; snjallt&#230;ki &#205;slendinga og hn&#253;sast um einkal&#237;f &#254;eirra.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVIe!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12758cb9-d298-43fa-9a5c-e49fd6debd38_2372x1642.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVIe!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12758cb9-d298-43fa-9a5c-e49fd6debd38_2372x1642.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVIe!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12758cb9-d298-43fa-9a5c-e49fd6debd38_2372x1642.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVIe!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12758cb9-d298-43fa-9a5c-e49fd6debd38_2372x1642.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVIe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12758cb9-d298-43fa-9a5c-e49fd6debd38_2372x1642.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVIe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12758cb9-d298-43fa-9a5c-e49fd6debd38_2372x1642.jpeg" width="513" height="355.15384615384613" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/12758cb9-d298-43fa-9a5c-e49fd6debd38_2372x1642.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1008,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:513,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Image&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Image" title="Image" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVIe!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12758cb9-d298-43fa-9a5c-e49fd6debd38_2372x1642.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVIe!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12758cb9-d298-43fa-9a5c-e49fd6debd38_2372x1642.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVIe!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12758cb9-d298-43fa-9a5c-e49fd6debd38_2372x1642.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OVIe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12758cb9-d298-43fa-9a5c-e49fd6debd38_2372x1642.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p><strong>SAMSTARF VI&#208; &#214;FGAH&#211;PA</strong><br>Greiningardeild r&#237;kisl&#246;greglustj&#243;ra kallar l&#237;ka eftir &#254;v&#237; a&#240; fj&#246;lmenning ver&#240;i aukin &#225; &#205;slandi og leggur til a&#240; vinna me&#240; f&#233;lagasamt&#246;kum &#225; bor&#240; Samt&#246;kin &#8216;78 til a&#240; li&#240;ka fyrir innflutningi f&#243;lks fr&#225; &#254;ri&#240;ja heiminum. &#222;etta &#254;&#253;&#240;ir hr&#246;rnun gilda, minni samheldni, enn minna traust&#8212;en traust og sterk gildi eru m&#225;ttarst&#243;lpar millist&#233;ttar &#225; &#205;slandi.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S6L2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff364c16c-d64c-41d3-9e66-2efb6b868dd9_1368x1109.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S6L2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff364c16c-d64c-41d3-9e66-2efb6b868dd9_1368x1109.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S6L2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff364c16c-d64c-41d3-9e66-2efb6b868dd9_1368x1109.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S6L2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff364c16c-d64c-41d3-9e66-2efb6b868dd9_1368x1109.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S6L2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff364c16c-d64c-41d3-9e66-2efb6b868dd9_1368x1109.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S6L2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff364c16c-d64c-41d3-9e66-2efb6b868dd9_1368x1109.jpeg" width="475" height="385.06944444444446" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f364c16c-d64c-41d3-9e66-2efb6b868dd9_1368x1109.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1109,&quot;width&quot;:1368,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:475,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Image&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Image" title="Image" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S6L2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff364c16c-d64c-41d3-9e66-2efb6b868dd9_1368x1109.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S6L2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff364c16c-d64c-41d3-9e66-2efb6b868dd9_1368x1109.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S6L2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff364c16c-d64c-41d3-9e66-2efb6b868dd9_1368x1109.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S6L2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff364c16c-d64c-41d3-9e66-2efb6b868dd9_1368x1109.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#222;a&#240; er vert a&#240; minnast &#254;ess a&#240; me&#240;limir og sj&#225;lfbo&#240;ali&#240;ar samtakanna 78 hafa veri&#240; uppv&#237;sir a&#240; &#254;v&#237; a&#240; kalla eftir ofbeldi&#8212;og af &#254;v&#237; vir&#240;ist&#8212;hry&#240;juverkum gegn &#225;kve&#240;num h&#243;pum &#237; &#237;slensku samf&#233;lagi.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wQht!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05fd2b5b-96bf-4fb8-8bbc-ba94009c4d56_3000x4555.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wQht!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05fd2b5b-96bf-4fb8-8bbc-ba94009c4d56_3000x4555.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wQht!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05fd2b5b-96bf-4fb8-8bbc-ba94009c4d56_3000x4555.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wQht!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05fd2b5b-96bf-4fb8-8bbc-ba94009c4d56_3000x4555.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wQht!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05fd2b5b-96bf-4fb8-8bbc-ba94009c4d56_3000x4555.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wQht!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05fd2b5b-96bf-4fb8-8bbc-ba94009c4d56_3000x4555.jpeg" width="473" height="718.2712912087912" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wQht!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05fd2b5b-96bf-4fb8-8bbc-ba94009c4d56_3000x4555.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wQht!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05fd2b5b-96bf-4fb8-8bbc-ba94009c4d56_3000x4555.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wQht!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05fd2b5b-96bf-4fb8-8bbc-ba94009c4d56_3000x4555.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wQht!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05fd2b5b-96bf-4fb8-8bbc-ba94009c4d56_3000x4555.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>L&#246;greglan er &#254;ar me&#240; komin &#237; opinbert samstarf me&#240; samt&#246;kum sem hafa a&#240; geyma einstaklinga sem hvetja til ofbeldis-og hry&#240;juverka &#237; &#254;j&#243;&#240;f&#233;laginu.<br>&#222;etta s&#253;nir a&#240; andst&#230;tt &#254;v&#237; a&#240; vera bjargv&#230;ttur almannaheilla &#254;&#225; er L&#246;greglan n&#250; virkur &#254;&#225;tttakandi &#237; a&#240; skapa &#243;gnina sem &#254;eir &#254;ykjast vernda okkur fr&#225;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!559C!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7dee23ab-8ec4-471a-8ec3-88b606693e96_752x627.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!559C!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7dee23ab-8ec4-471a-8ec3-88b606693e96_752x627.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!559C!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7dee23ab-8ec4-471a-8ec3-88b606693e96_752x627.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!559C!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7dee23ab-8ec4-471a-8ec3-88b606693e96_752x627.png 1272w, 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!559C!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7dee23ab-8ec4-471a-8ec3-88b606693e96_752x627.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!559C!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7dee23ab-8ec4-471a-8ec3-88b606693e96_752x627.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!559C!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7dee23ab-8ec4-471a-8ec3-88b606693e96_752x627.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p><strong>&#205; HNOTSKURN</strong><br>Vi&#240; b&#250;um vi&#240; <strong>&#243;stj&#243;rn-ofr&#237;kis</strong> &#254;ar sem yfirv&#246;ld l&#225;ta raunverulega gl&#230;pi &#243;&#225;reitta en beita l&#246;ghl&#253;&#240;na borgara har&#240;stj&#243;rn og ofr&#237;ki.</p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.opinaugu.is/p/fjolmenning&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Menning e&#240;a Fj&#246;lmenning&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.opinaugu.is/p/fjolmenning"><span>Menning e&#240;a Fj&#246;lmenning</span></a></p><p></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Samuel Francis, &#8222;<a href="https://chroniclesmagazine.org/view/anarcho-tyranny-u-s-a/">Anarcho&#8209;Tyranny,</a> U.S.A.,&#8221; <em>Chronicles Magazine</em>, j&#250;l&#237; 1994.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Greiningardeild r&#237;kisl&#246;greglustj&#243;ra, <em><a href="https://www.logreglan.is/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/GRD-Hrydjuverk-skyrsla-A4-2503-4-1.pdf">Hry&#240;juverka&#243;gn &#225; &#205;slandi 2025</a></em>, apr&#237;l 2025.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Harry Cooper, &#8220;15,000 on French Terror Watchlist: Report,&#8221; <em><a href="https://www.politico.eu/article/15000-on-french-terror-watchlist-report-radical-islamist/">Politico</a></em>, October 10, 2016</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Mark Nicol and Ian Drury, &#8220;MI5's Terror Watchlist Doubles to 43,000 in Just One Year,&#8221; <em><a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8450211/MI5s-terror-watchlist-doubles-43-000-just-one-year.html">Daily Mail</a></em>, June 20, 2020</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Foreldrar barna &#237; Brei&#240;holtssk&#243;la be&#240;nir um a&#240; segja ekki fr&#225; ofbeldi &#237; fj&#246;lmi&#240;lum,&#8220; <em><a href="https://www.nutiminn.is/featured/foreldrar-barna-i-breidholtsskola-bednir-um-ad-segja-ekki-fra-ofbeldi-i-fjolmidlum/">N&#250;t&#237;minn</a></em>, 24. febr&#250;ar 2025.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#8222;Hefur &#225;&#240;ur komist &#237; kast vi&#240; l&#246;gin,&#8220; <em><a href="https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2025/07/23/hefur_adur_komist_i_kast_vid_login/">Morgunbla&#240;i&#240;</a></em>, 23. j&#250;l&#237; 2025.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#8222;&#205;slenska r&#237;ki&#240; greiddi &#237;sraelskum s&#237;mah&#246;kkurum &#8211; neitar a&#240; gefa upp upph&#230;&#240;ina,&#8220; <em><a href="https://www.nutiminn.is/frettir/islenska-rikid-greiddi-israelskum-simahokkurum-neitar-ad-gefa-upp-upphaedina/">N&#250;t&#237;minn</a></em>, 6. j&#250;l&#237; 2025.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#8222;Samstarfssamningur r&#237;kisl&#246;greglustj&#243;ra og Samtakanna &#180;78 undirrita&#240;ur,&#8220; <em><a href="https://www.logreglan.is/samstarfssamningur-rikislogreglustjora-og-samtakanna-78-undirritadur/">Logreglan.is</a></em>, 21. mars 2023.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Hvað er Kynþáttur?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Hver er hr&#230;ddur vi&#240; Kyn&#254;&#225;tt?]]></description><link>https://www.opinaugu.is/p/kynthattur</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.opinaugu.is/p/kynthattur</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Gottskálk]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 27 Jun 2025 20:44:18 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b914e762-3a74-48d6-bdbe-bfcf00e3331e_1460x957.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Eitt &#254;a&#240; undarlegasta vi&#240; n&#250;t&#237;mann, sem einkennist af v&#237;sinda- og skynsemishyggju, er a&#240; margir &#254;eir sem &#225;kafast &#8222;treysta v&#237;sindum&#8220; og segjast a&#240;hyllast &#254;r&#243;unarkenningu Darwins breytast skyndilega &#237; ofst&#230;kisfulla &#243;vita &#254;egar kemur a&#240; &#254;r&#243;un mannsins. &#222;eir vi&#240;urkenna a&#240; n&#225;tt&#250;ruval m&#243;ti fugla, fiska og spend&#253;r en &#254;egar r&#246;&#240;in kemur a&#240; mannkyninu skolast vitsmunir &#237; vaskinn og &#237; sta&#240;inn leita menn &#237; sams&#230;riskenningar um yfirn&#225;tt&#250;rulega eiginleika Homo Sapiens, sem eiga a&#240; s&#253;na hvernig ma&#240;urinn er undanskilinn l&#246;gm&#225;lum l&#237;ffr&#230;&#240;innar.<br>&#205; sta&#240; &#254;ess a&#240; horfast &#237; augu vi&#240; a&#240; mannkyni&#240; skiptist &#237; &#243;l&#237;ka h&#243;pa vegna hundra&#240; &#254;&#250;sunda &#225;ra a&#240;skilna&#240;ar vi&#240; &#243;l&#237;k skilyr&#240;i &#254;&#225; &#250;tsk&#253;ra sams&#230;riskenningasmi&#240;ir n&#250;t&#237;mans a&#240; kyn&#254;&#225;ttur s&#233; einfaldlega f&#233;lagslegur tilb&#250;ningur, sprottinn &#250;r ford&#243;mum manna gegn &#253;msum bl&#230;brig&#240;um h&#246;rundslita. &#222;etta stangast &#225; vi&#240; raunveruleikann eins og hann birtist okkur og s&#250; einf&#246;ldun a&#240; litarhaft eitt og s&#233;r &#225;kvar&#240;i kyn&#254;&#225;tt er ekki a&#240;eins barnaleg, heldur einnig v&#237;sindalega &#250;relt.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZJ12!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac5b6918-ef7a-4575-86b7-cdb38704f840_3695x4058.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZJ12!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac5b6918-ef7a-4575-86b7-cdb38704f840_3695x4058.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZJ12!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac5b6918-ef7a-4575-86b7-cdb38704f840_3695x4058.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZJ12!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac5b6918-ef7a-4575-86b7-cdb38704f840_3695x4058.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZJ12!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac5b6918-ef7a-4575-86b7-cdb38704f840_3695x4058.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZJ12!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac5b6918-ef7a-4575-86b7-cdb38704f840_3695x4058.jpeg" width="1456" height="1599" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ac5b6918-ef7a-4575-86b7-cdb38704f840_3695x4058.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1599,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2626697,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.opinaugu.is/i/165083374?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac5b6918-ef7a-4575-86b7-cdb38704f840_3695x4058.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZJ12!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac5b6918-ef7a-4575-86b7-cdb38704f840_3695x4058.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZJ12!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac5b6918-ef7a-4575-86b7-cdb38704f840_3695x4058.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZJ12!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac5b6918-ef7a-4575-86b7-cdb38704f840_3695x4058.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZJ12!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac5b6918-ef7a-4575-86b7-cdb38704f840_3695x4058.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>En er ekki </strong><em><strong>kyn&#254;&#225;ttur </strong></em><strong>einfaldlega f&#233;lagslega skapa&#240; hugtak?</strong><br>Vissulega er hugtaki&#240; kyn&#254;&#225;ttur a&#240; einhverju leyti f&#233;lagslega m&#243;ta&#240;, eins og raunar &#246;ll hugt&#246;k, og &#254;a&#240; getur veri&#240; vandme&#240;fari&#240; flokka kyn&#254;&#230;tti n&#225;kv&#230;mlega &#254;ar sem kyn&#254;&#230;ttir eru afm&#246;rku&#240; sv&#230;&#240;i &#225; samfelldu r&#243;fi svipger&#240;a. En &#254;a&#240; sama m&#225; segja um liti, sem eru einnig &#225; r&#243;fi en samt notum vi&#240; hugt&#246;k eins og &#8222;rau&#240;ur&#8220; og &#8222;bl&#225;r&#8220; &#225;n &#254;ess a&#240; efast um gagnsemi &#254;eirra. Engum dytti heldur &#237; hug a&#240; halda &#254;v&#237; fram a&#240; hugt&#246;kin &#8222;gr&#230;nn&#8220; og &#8222;gulur&#8220; s&#233;u ford&#243;mafullar sj&#243;nhverfingar&#8212;litir eru einfaldlega hugl&#230;g flokkun &#225; efnisheiminum eins og birtist okkur. &#193; sama h&#225;tt er hugtaki&#240; kyn&#254;&#225;ttur gagnlegt og skiljanlegt. &#222;a&#240; v&#237;sar til raunverulegra mynstra &#237; &#254;r&#243;unars&#246;gu mannkyns&#8212;mynstra sem jafnvel sm&#225;b&#246;rn geta greint &#225;n f&#233;lagsm&#243;tunar.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NBsE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb42b8a0c-2cda-4ebc-bb36-3a73ce5cff44_594x168.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NBsE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb42b8a0c-2cda-4ebc-bb36-3a73ce5cff44_594x168.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NBsE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb42b8a0c-2cda-4ebc-bb36-3a73ce5cff44_594x168.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NBsE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb42b8a0c-2cda-4ebc-bb36-3a73ce5cff44_594x168.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NBsE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb42b8a0c-2cda-4ebc-bb36-3a73ce5cff44_594x168.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NBsE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb42b8a0c-2cda-4ebc-bb36-3a73ce5cff44_594x168.png" width="728" height="205.8989898989899" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b42b8a0c-2cda-4ebc-bb36-3a73ce5cff44_594x168.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:168,&quot;width&quot;:594,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:728,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NBsE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb42b8a0c-2cda-4ebc-bb36-3a73ce5cff44_594x168.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NBsE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb42b8a0c-2cda-4ebc-bb36-3a73ce5cff44_594x168.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NBsE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb42b8a0c-2cda-4ebc-bb36-3a73ce5cff44_594x168.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NBsE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb42b8a0c-2cda-4ebc-bb36-3a73ce5cff44_594x168.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p><strong>Hv&#237;tir sloppar &#243;&#254;arfir til &#254;ess a&#240; skilja kyn&#254;&#230;tti</strong><br>&#222;a&#240; er &#254;v&#237; &#243;&#254;arfi a&#240; vera me&#240; fimm h&#225;sk&#243;lagr&#225;&#240;ur til a&#240; skilja hugtaki&#240; <strong>kyn&#254;&#225;ttur</strong>. En ef heilbrig&#240; skynsemi n&#230;gir ekki, &#254;&#225; sta&#240;festa fj&#246;lmargar ranns&#243;knir a&#240; kyn&#254;&#230;ttir eru raunveruleg fyrirb&#230;ri. Ranns&#243;knir &#237; l&#237;ffr&#230;&#240;i s&#253;na greinilega a&#240; h&#243;par manna mynda sk&#253;r erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ileg mynstur sem endurspegla landfr&#230;&#240;ilegan uppruna &#254;eirra.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> Jafnvel bakter&#237;ufl&#243;ra &#237; koki manna dugar ein og s&#233;r til a&#240; greina &#225; milli kyn&#254;&#225;tta.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> Innan l&#230;knisfr&#230;&#240;innar getur kyn&#254;&#225;ttur l&#237;ka skipt sk&#246;pum. Beinmergsgjafa &#254;arf til d&#230;mis a&#240; velja me&#240; tilliti til kyn&#254;&#225;tts- og erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegs skyldleika vi&#240; &#254;iggjanda og mismunandi me&#240;fer&#240;ir geta &#225;tt vi&#240; eftir kyn&#254;&#230;tti sj&#250;klinga.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a> Hverjum og einum er frj&#225;lst a&#240; l&#237;ta &#225; kyn&#254;&#225;tt sem f&#233;lagsfr&#230;&#240;ilega sj&#243;nhverfingu en l&#237;kaminn veit betur.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eMd5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79f1a511-f991-4942-ae48-7a35bd33d365_765x653.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eMd5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79f1a511-f991-4942-ae48-7a35bd33d365_765x653.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eMd5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79f1a511-f991-4942-ae48-7a35bd33d365_765x653.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eMd5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79f1a511-f991-4942-ae48-7a35bd33d365_765x653.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eMd5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79f1a511-f991-4942-ae48-7a35bd33d365_765x653.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eMd5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79f1a511-f991-4942-ae48-7a35bd33d365_765x653.jpeg" width="765" height="653" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eMd5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79f1a511-f991-4942-ae48-7a35bd33d365_765x653.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eMd5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79f1a511-f991-4942-ae48-7a35bd33d365_765x653.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eMd5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79f1a511-f991-4942-ae48-7a35bd33d365_765x653.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eMd5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F79f1a511-f991-4942-ae48-7a35bd33d365_765x653.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">PCA greining; hver punktur t&#225;knar einn einstakling og s&#253;nir hvernig erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegur breytileiki endurspeglar landfr&#230;&#240;ilegan uppruna.</figcaption></figure></div><p><strong>&#211;l&#237;kt Umhverfi &#8594; &#211;l&#237;kir Menn</strong><br>Kjarni &#254;r&#243;unarkenningar Darwins er s&#225; a&#240; h&#243;par sem hafa veri&#240; a&#240;skildir &#237; &#254;&#250;sundir &#225;ra vi&#240; &#243;l&#237;kar umhverfisa&#240;st&#230;&#240;ur munu &#254;r&#243;ast &#225; &#243;l&#237;kan m&#225;ta. H&#243;par manna hafa ekki a&#240;eins &#254;r&#243;ast hvorir &#237; s&#237;na &#225;tt gegnum &#225;r&#254;&#250;sundin heldur hafa &#254;eir einnig blandast &#246;&#240;rum tegundum manna hver &#237; s&#237;nu lagi. Lykilor&#240;in h&#233;r eru &#8218;<em>a&#240;rar tegundir</em>&#8216;&#8212;ekki a&#240;rir kyn&#254;&#230;ttir&#8212;en Evr&#243;pu- og As&#237;umenn bl&#246;ndu&#240;ust Neanderdalsm&#246;nnum og Afr&#237;kub&#250;ar bl&#246;ndu&#240;ust &#246;&#240;rum &#243;skyldum frumm&#246;nnum &#225; sama t&#237;ma &#225; stein&#246;ld<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a>&#8212;og &#250;tkoman er s&#250; sem m&#230;lingar v&#237;sindamanna sem og heilbrig&#240; skynsemi sta&#240;festa &#237; hv&#237;vetna, &#254;.e. greinilegur munur milli kyn&#254;&#225;tta, til d&#230;mis &#237; beinabyggingu, l&#237;kamsbeitingu og (auglj&#243;slega) litarhafti.</p><p>Fr&#230;&#240;imenn hafa l&#237;ka bent &#225; a&#240; litarhaft er ekki &#250;rslitaatri&#240;i&#240; sem skilgreinir &#254;ennan mismun. Ranns&#243;knir erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;inganna Dong-Dong Wu og Ya-Ping Zhang et al. s&#253;na a&#240; helsti erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegi munurinn milli kyn&#254;&#225;tta felst &#237; virkni erf&#240;av&#237;sa sem hafa &#225;hrif &#225; heilastarfsemi en ekki &#237; framlei&#240;slu melan&#243;s&#243;ma (h&#250;&#240;lits).<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a> Megin<s> </s>munur milli kyn&#254;&#225;tta felst &#254;v&#237; ekki &#237; yfirbor&#240;skenndum eiginleikum eins og h&#250;&#240;lit, heldur mun frekar &#237; erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegum &#254;&#225;ttum sem hafa &#225;hrif &#225; heg&#240;un, hugsun og tilfinningar. Sl&#237;kar erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegar breytur hafa &#225;hrif &#225; atferli og h&#225;ttsemi manna og &#254;.a.l &#225; hvernig samf&#233;l&#246;g og menningarheimar hafa &#254;r&#243;ast &#237; t&#237;manna r&#225;s.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5mWI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a71a196-3bfb-4fa2-bbe8-f2df971982c8_5103x3181.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5mWI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a71a196-3bfb-4fa2-bbe8-f2df971982c8_5103x3181.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5mWI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a71a196-3bfb-4fa2-bbe8-f2df971982c8_5103x3181.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5mWI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a71a196-3bfb-4fa2-bbe8-f2df971982c8_5103x3181.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5mWI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a71a196-3bfb-4fa2-bbe8-f2df971982c8_5103x3181.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5mWI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8a71a196-3bfb-4fa2-bbe8-f2df971982c8_5103x3181.jpeg" width="1456" height="908" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Breytileiki &#237; skapger&#240; milli kyn&#254;&#225;tta er &#254;v&#237; e&#240;lileg aflei&#240;ing &#254;eirra krefjandi &#225;skorana sem &#243;l&#237;kir h&#243;par mannkyns hafa &#254;urft a&#240; klj&#225;st vi&#240; gegnum aldirnar. &#222;r&#243;unars&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;ingurinn J. Philippe Rushton, &#225;samt erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ingunum Gregory Cochran og Henry Harpending, hafa s&#253;nt fram &#225; a&#240; munur milli kyn&#254;&#225;tta megi rekja til &#254;r&#243;unar manna &#237; mismunandi umhverfi &#225; &#237;s&#246;ld.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a> Kyn&#254;&#230;ttir sem &#254;r&#243;u&#240;ust &#237; Evr&#243;pu og As&#237;u &#225; j&#246;kulskei&#240;i &#237;saldar &#254;urftu a&#240; laga sig a&#240; har&#240;neskjulegu ve&#240;urfari sem kraf&#240;ist fyrirhyggju og samvinnu til a&#240; lifa af langa vetrart&#237;&#240;. &#205; hl&#253;rra og &#254;&#253;&#240;ilegra umhverfi &#225; sl&#233;ttum Afr&#237;ku, &#254;ar sem menn nutu meiri allsn&#230;gta en voru &#225; sama t&#237;ma berskjalda&#240;ri fyrir &#225;r&#225;sum st&#243;rra r&#225;nd&#253;ra, reyndust a&#240;rar lei&#240;ir gagnlegri; meiri frj&#243;semi, hra&#240;ari &#254;roski og aukin &#225;h&#230;ttus&#230;kni skila&#240;i s&#233;r &#237; fleiri afkv&#230;mum og meiri dreifingu erf&#240;av&#237;sa. &#222;essi &#254;r&#243;un endurspeglast &#237; &#254;v&#237; a&#240; Afr&#237;kub&#250;ar &#254;r&#243;u&#240;u me&#240; s&#233;r meiri &#225;h&#230;ttus&#230;kni og minni getu til a&#240; fresta umbun mi&#240;a&#240; vi&#240; As&#237;ub&#250;a og Evr&#243;pumenn&#8212;sem fj&#246;lgu&#240;u s&#233;r h&#230;gar, fj&#225;rfestu meira &#237; hverju afkv&#230;mi og &#254;r&#243;u&#240;u me&#240; s&#233;r aukna getu til a&#240; fresta umbun.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IDgS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2d25773-ff4a-463d-a0a0-382dc24953d6_1125x1593.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IDgS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2d25773-ff4a-463d-a0a0-382dc24953d6_1125x1593.jpeg" width="1125" height="1593" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IDgS!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2d25773-ff4a-463d-a0a0-382dc24953d6_1125x1593.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IDgS!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2d25773-ff4a-463d-a0a0-382dc24953d6_1125x1593.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IDgS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2d25773-ff4a-463d-a0a0-382dc24953d6_1125x1593.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IDgS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2d25773-ff4a-463d-a0a0-382dc24953d6_1125x1593.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">t&#237;mi + &#243;l&#237;kt umhverfi = &#243;l&#237;kir menn</figcaption></figure></div><p><strong><br>V&#237;sindin efla alla d&#225;&#240;</strong><br>Vissulega m&#225; draga &#254;essa greiningu &#237; efa og jafnvel halda &#254;v&#237; fram a&#240; h&#250;n s&#233; einfaldlega r&#246;ng&#8212;enda &#254;urfa allar g&#243;&#240;ar v&#237;sindalegar tilg&#225;tur a&#240; vera pr&#243;fanlegar og hrekjanlegar. Greiningin fellur &#254;&#243; vel a&#240; auglj&#243;sum veruleika sem blasir vi&#240; okkur &#254;egar kemur a&#240; mun milli kyn&#254;&#225;tta og &#254;a&#240; sem meira er &#254;&#225; samr&#230;mist h&#250;n einnig ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;um fj&#246;lda ranns&#243;kna sem hafa framreitt g&#246;gn og sta&#240;reyndir sem ver&#240;a ekki au&#240;veldlega hrakin. Sem d&#230;mi m&#225; nefna mun &#225; me&#240;algreind milli h&#243;pa: me&#240;algreind Afr&#237;skra kyn&#254;&#225;tta sunnan Sahara m&#230;list almennt &#225; bilinu 65&#8211;75, me&#240;algreind Evr&#243;pub&#250;a um 99&#8211;102<s> </s>, me&#240;algreind Austur-As&#237;ub&#250;a um 103&#8211;105. Enn fremur hafa ranns&#243;knir s&#253;nt a&#240; greind er a&#240; miklu leyti (80&#8211;90%) arfgeng.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-9" href="#footnote-9" target="_self">9</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OUFV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F776b500c-b400-453c-9739-e51233326bba_2875x1939.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OUFV!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F776b500c-b400-453c-9739-e51233326bba_2875x1939.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OUFV!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F776b500c-b400-453c-9739-e51233326bba_2875x1939.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OUFV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F776b500c-b400-453c-9739-e51233326bba_2875x1939.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OUFV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F776b500c-b400-453c-9739-e51233326bba_2875x1939.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OUFV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F776b500c-b400-453c-9739-e51233326bba_2875x1939.jpeg" width="1456" height="982" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OUFV!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F776b500c-b400-453c-9739-e51233326bba_2875x1939.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OUFV!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F776b500c-b400-453c-9739-e51233326bba_2875x1939.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OUFV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F776b500c-b400-453c-9739-e51233326bba_2875x1939.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OUFV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F776b500c-b400-453c-9739-e51233326bba_2875x1939.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Sama m&#225; segja um ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;ur ranns&#243;kna &#225; breytileika milli kyn&#254;&#225;tta &#254;egar kemur a&#240; getu til a&#240; fresta umbun en &#254;a&#240; s&#225; eiginleiki sem hefur hva&#240; mest &#225;hrif &#225; efnahag einstaklingsins.<br>Sem d&#230;mi &#250;r ranns&#243;kn &#254;ar sem f&#243;lk fr&#225; 45 l&#246;ndum var spurt hvort &#254;au vildu frekar f&#225; 440 &#254;&#250;sund &#250;tborga&#240; n&#250;na e&#240;a b&#237;&#240;a og f&#225; 500 &#254;&#250;sund &#237; n&#230;sta m&#225;nu&#240;i, kusu 90% &#222;j&#243;&#240;verja a&#240; b&#237;&#240;a en a&#240;eins 10% N&#237;ger&#237;ub&#250;a.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-10" href="#footnote-10" target="_self">10</a> &#222;essi munur g&#230;ti me&#240;al annars sk&#253;rt hvers vegna framfarir &#237; Afr&#237;ku hafa veri&#240; takmarka&#240;ar &#254;r&#225;tt fyrir meira en <strong>tv&#246; &#254;&#250;sund milljar&#240;a</strong> dollara fj&#225;rhagsa&#240;sto&#240; fr&#225; Vesturl&#246;ndum s&#237;&#240;an 1950.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zkk_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07f2b8f8-d421-4980-9a85-348871cdbbf8_2464x1788.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zkk_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07f2b8f8-d421-4980-9a85-348871cdbbf8_2464x1788.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zkk_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07f2b8f8-d421-4980-9a85-348871cdbbf8_2464x1788.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zkk_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07f2b8f8-d421-4980-9a85-348871cdbbf8_2464x1788.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zkk_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07f2b8f8-d421-4980-9a85-348871cdbbf8_2464x1788.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zkk_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07f2b8f8-d421-4980-9a85-348871cdbbf8_2464x1788.jpeg" width="1456" height="1057" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zkk_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07f2b8f8-d421-4980-9a85-348871cdbbf8_2464x1788.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zkk_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07f2b8f8-d421-4980-9a85-348871cdbbf8_2464x1788.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zkk_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07f2b8f8-d421-4980-9a85-348871cdbbf8_2464x1788.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zkk_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07f2b8f8-d421-4980-9a85-348871cdbbf8_2464x1788.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>H&#233;r er a&#240; sj&#225;lfs&#246;g&#240;u ekki veri&#240; a&#240; gera l&#237;ti&#240; &#250;r neinum e&#240;a halda &#254;v&#237; fram a&#240; einn h&#243;pur s&#233; &#246;&#240;rum &#243;&#230;&#240;ri vegna &#243;l&#237;krar getu til a&#240; fresta umbun. Ef Afr&#237;kumenn hef&#240;u til d&#230;mis teki&#240; Evr&#243;pumenn s&#233;r til fyrirmyndar og safna&#240; birg&#240;um &#237; sta&#240; &#254;ess a&#240; n&#253;ta &#254;&#230;r strax, hef&#240;i n&#225;tt&#250;ruval einfaldlega &#8222;refsa&#240;&#8220; &#254;eim erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilega, &#254;ar sem &#254;eir hef&#240;u &#254;&#225; neita&#240; s&#233;r um nau&#240;synlegar hitaeiningar a&#240; &#225;st&#230;&#240;ulausu. Sl&#237;k heg&#240;un hef&#240;i valdi&#240; n&#230;ringarskorti, veikindum og skertum l&#237;fsl&#237;kum, sem aftur hef&#240;i dregi&#240; &#250;r l&#237;kum &#225; &#254;v&#237; a&#240; erf&#240;av&#237;sar &#254;eirra b&#230;rust &#225;fram. N&#225;tt&#250;ruval er &#237; e&#240;li s&#237;nu algj&#246;rlega hlutlaust og blint &#225; gildismat hvers t&#237;ma. Eini m&#230;likvar&#240;i &#254;ess er hvort erf&#240;av&#237;sar komast &#225;fram til n&#230;stu kynsl&#243;&#240;a.<br></p><p><strong>Genin okkar&#8212;af hverju elskum vi&#240; &#230;ttingja meira en &#243;kunnuga?</strong><br>Erf&#240;av&#237;sa okkar er ekki eing&#246;ngu a&#240; finna innan eigin erf&#240;amengis heldur einnig &#237; erf&#240;amengi manna af sama kyn&#254;&#230;tti, einkum &#254;eirra sem tilheyra sama &#254;j&#243;&#240;erni&#8212;og s&#237;&#240;ast en ekki s&#237;st &#237; <strong>afkv&#230;mum</strong>. &#222;etta birtist sk&#253;rt &#237; heg&#240;un foreldra gagnvart b&#246;rnum s&#237;num, &#254;ar sem n&#225;tt&#250;ruval hefur m&#243;ta&#240; &#254;&#225; til a&#240; s&#253;na s&#237;num n&#225;nustu meiri umhyggju en &#243;kunnugum til a&#240; var&#240;veita eigin erf&#240;av&#237;sa.</p><p>Samkv&#230;mt &#254;r&#243;unarkenningunni er &#254;v&#237; fullkomlega r&#246;kr&#233;tt a&#240; menn standi me&#240; &#230;ttingjum s&#237;num, s&#253;ni &#254;eim trygg&#240; og f&#243;rni jafnvel eigin hagsmunum &#237; &#254;&#225;gu &#254;eirra. Tilgangur allra l&#237;fvera er a&#240; koma eigin erf&#240;aefni &#225;fram til n&#230;stu kynsl&#243;&#240;a&#8212;og erf&#240;aefni &#230;ttingja &#254;inna er a&#240; miklu leyti hi&#240; sama og &#254;itt eigi&#240;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iHul!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2c14888-d593-4fd1-8b70-d9c79b615531_1349x1350.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iHul!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2c14888-d593-4fd1-8b70-d9c79b615531_1349x1350.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iHul!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2c14888-d593-4fd1-8b70-d9c79b615531_1349x1350.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iHul!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2c14888-d593-4fd1-8b70-d9c79b615531_1349x1350.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iHul!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2c14888-d593-4fd1-8b70-d9c79b615531_1349x1350.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iHul!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2c14888-d593-4fd1-8b70-d9c79b615531_1349x1350.jpeg" width="1349" height="1350" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iHul!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2c14888-d593-4fd1-8b70-d9c79b615531_1349x1350.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iHul!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2c14888-d593-4fd1-8b70-d9c79b615531_1349x1350.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iHul!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2c14888-d593-4fd1-8b70-d9c79b615531_1349x1350.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iHul!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2c14888-d593-4fd1-8b70-d9c79b615531_1349x1350.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#222;r&#243;unars&#225;lfr&#230;&#240;in &#250;tsk&#253;rir af hverju einstaklingar eru tilb&#250;nir a&#240; f&#243;rna l&#237;fi s&#237;nu, og &#254;ar me&#240; t&#230;kif&#230;ri til a&#240; dreifa eigin erf&#240;av&#237;sum, fyrir heildina og tryggja dreifingu eigin erf&#240;av&#237;sa gegnum vini og vandamenn af sama &#254;j&#243;&#240;erni.</figcaption></figure></div><p><br>Eins og Dr. Frank Salter, v&#237;sindama&#240;ur vi&#240; Max Planck Institute, hefur bent &#225;: &#8222;Tilgangur l&#237;fsins er a&#240; tryggja v&#246;xt og vi&#240;gang eigin gena&#8212;&#254;etta &#225; vi&#240; um menn sem og a&#240;rar tegundir.&#8220;<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-11" href="#footnote-11" target="_self">11</a> Salter hefur s&#253;nt fram &#225; me&#240; ranns&#243;knum s&#237;num a&#240; &#254;j&#243;&#240;erni og kyn&#254;&#225;ttur eru &#237; raun st&#243;rfj&#246;lskylda sem binst saman um sameiginlegan uppruna og sameiginlega erf&#240;av&#237;sa. Af &#254;eim s&#246;kum er &#254;j&#243;&#240;r&#230;kni jafn e&#240;lileg og s&#250; hollusta sem vi&#240; s&#253;num okkar n&#225;nustu fj&#246;lskyldume&#240;limum.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-12" href="#footnote-12" target="_self">12</a></p><p>Erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegur skyldleiki hefur &#254;v&#237; mikil &#225;hrif &#225; f&#233;lagstengsl okkar. R&#233;tt eins og foreldrar upplifa n&#225;nari tengsl vi&#240; eigin b&#246;rn en b&#246;rn &#243;kunnugra&#8212;&#254;ar sem b&#246;rn geyma meira af sameiginlegu erf&#240;aefni okkar&#8212;&#254;&#225; finna menn l&#237;ka almennt til meiri samkenndar og trygg&#240;ar gagnvart h&#243;pum sem &#254;eir eru bl&#243;&#240;skyldir, svo sem eigin &#254;j&#243;&#240; e&#240;a kyn&#254;&#230;tti. &#222;etta sk&#253;rist af &#254;v&#237; a&#240; einstaklingar innan sama &#254;j&#243;&#240;ernis e&#240;a kyn&#254;&#225;ttar deila st&#230;rri hluta erf&#240;aefnis s&#237;n &#225; milli en me&#240; f&#243;lki &#250;r erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilega fjarl&#230;gari h&#243;pum.</p><p>Til a&#240; setja &#254;etta &#237; samhengi m&#230;tti taka d&#230;mi um &#237;slenska konu sem eignast barn me&#240; manni fr&#225; Afr&#237;ku. Erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilega s&#233;&#240; er h&#250;n minna bl&#243;&#240;skyld s&#237;nu eigin barni en bl&#225;&#243;kunnugum &#205;slendingi&#8212;og raunar v&#230;ri h&#250;n erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilega skyldari manni fr&#225; P&#243;llandi en eigin barni.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-13" href="#footnote-13" target="_self">13</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-14" href="#footnote-14" target="_self">14</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-15" href="#footnote-15" target="_self">15</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bGd4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0620e9a6-7976-4249-b243-f3dad4d45c6d_2450x1617.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bGd4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0620e9a6-7976-4249-b243-f3dad4d45c6d_2450x1617.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bGd4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0620e9a6-7976-4249-b243-f3dad4d45c6d_2450x1617.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bGd4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0620e9a6-7976-4249-b243-f3dad4d45c6d_2450x1617.jpeg 1272w, 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegur fjarskyldleiki foreldris vi&#240; barn af bl&#246;ndu&#240;um uppruna kemur sk&#253;rast fram &#237; &#243;samr&#253;manleika milli &#254;eirra me&#240; tilliti til beinmergsgjafar - en foreldri&#240; er l&#237;klegra til a&#240; gefa og &#254;iggja beinmerg fr&#225; &#243;kunnugum af sama kyn&#254;&#230;tti en eigin barni undir kringumst&#230;&#240;um &#254;ar sem barn er af bl&#246;ndu&#240;um uppruna.</figcaption></figure></div><p><strong><br>Afneitun kyn&#254;&#225;tts er afneitun &#225; sj&#225;lfum s&#233;r</strong><br>A&#240; horfast &#237; augu vi&#240; og vi&#240;urkenna tilvist og fj&#246;lbreytileika kyn&#254;&#225;tta er ekki hatursor&#240;r&#230;&#240;a. Hver &#254;j&#243;&#240; og hver h&#243;pur &#225; j&#246;r&#240;inni&#8212;hvort sem hann er afr&#237;skur, as&#237;skur e&#240;a evr&#243;pskur&#8212;&#225; r&#233;tt &#225; a&#240; var&#240;veita s&#246;gu s&#237;na, s&#233;rkenni, menningu og tryggja framt&#237;&#240; eigin afkomenda. Kyn&#254;&#225;ttavitund sn&#253;st ekki um yfirbur&#240;ahyggju, heldur einfaldlega sj&#225;lfs&#225;kv&#246;r&#240;unarr&#233;tt allra h&#243;pa mannkyns.</p><p>&#222;&#250; getur vissulega &#225;kve&#240;i&#240; a&#240; loka augunum fyrir tilvist kyn&#254;&#225;tta og &#254;&#243;st vera &#8222;litblindur&#8220;&#8212;en a&#240;rir h&#243;par munu samt sem &#225;&#240;ur sj&#225; &#254;ig og &#254;ann kyn&#254;&#225;tt sem &#254;&#250; tilheyrir. &#222;&#250; lifir &#237; heimi &#254;ar sem yfirgn&#230;fandi meirihluti mannkyns tilheyrir &#246;&#240;rum kyn&#254;&#230;tti en &#254;&#237;num eigin og afsta&#240;a &#254;&#237;n til kyn&#254;&#225;tta breytir &#254;v&#237; ekki a&#240; hagsmunag&#230;sla annarra &#254;j&#243;&#240;a og kyn&#254;&#225;tta byggist &#225; &#230;ttarb&#246;ndum og kyn&#254;&#225;ttavitund. A&#240; hunsa &#254;essa sta&#240;reynd er ekki a&#240;eins &#243;skynsamlegt heldur beinl&#237;nis h&#230;ttulegt.</p><p></p><div class="native-video-embed" data-component-name="VideoPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;b94e1487-0edd-4c01-928b-4c1d90950bf9&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:null}"></div><p>Kyn&#254;&#225;ttur er hugtak sem l&#253;sir raunverulegu fyrirb&#230;ri sem birtist ekki eing&#246;ngu &#237; &#250;tliti og erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;i okkar heldur endurspeglast &#254;a&#240; einnig &#237; s&#246;gu okkar, menningu og hugsunarh&#230;tti. &#205;slenskt erf&#240;aefni hefur m&#243;ta&#240; s&#246;gu &#254;j&#243;&#240;arinnar og skortur e&#240;a frambo&#240; &#225; &#237;slensku erf&#240;aefni mun m&#243;ta framt&#237;&#240; &#205;slendinga.</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Xing o.fl., &#8222;Toward a More Uniform Sampling of Human Genetic Diversity,&#8220; <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2010.07.004">Genomics</a></em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2010.07.004"> </a>96, nr. 4 (2010): 199&#8211;210.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Matthew R. Mason, Haikady N. Nagaraja, Terry Camerlengo, Vinayak Joshi og Purnima S. Kumar, &#8222;Deep Sequencing Identifies Ethnicity-Specific Bacterial Signatures in the Oral Microbiome,&#8220; <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099933">PLOS ONE</a></em> 8, nr. 10 (2013): e77287.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>A. Sureda o.fl., &#8222;Indications for allo- and auto-SCT for haematological diseases, solid tumours and immune disorders: current practice in Europe, 2015,&#8220; <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2015.6">Bone Marrow Transplantation</a></em> 50, nr. 8 (2015): 1037&#8211;1056,</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>P&#228;&#228;bo, Svante, Richard E. Green, Johannes Krause, Adrian W. Briggs o.fl. &#8222;A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome.&#8220; <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1188021">Science</a></em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1188021"> </a>328, nr. 5979 (7. ma&#237; 2010): 710&#8211;722.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>David Reich, &#8222;Ancient Human DNA and African Population History,&#8220;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.484"> </a><em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.484">Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology</a></em>, 18. ma&#237; 2022,</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Dong-Dong Wu og Ya-Ping Zhang, &#8222;Different level of population differentiation among human genes,&#8220; <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(85)90137-0">BMC Evolutionary Biology</a></em> 11, nr. 16 (2011), <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-16">https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-16</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Rushton, J. Philippe. "Differential K Theory: The Sociobiology of Individual and Group Differences." <em>Personality and Individual Differences</em> 6, no. 4 (1985): 441&#8211;452.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Cochran, Gregory, and Henry Harpending. <em>The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution</em>. New York: Basic Books, 2009.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-9" href="#footnote-anchor-9" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">9</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Richard Lynn og Tatu Vanhanen, <em><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289962908_IQ_and_the_Wealth_of_Nations">IQ and the Wealth of Nation</a>s</em>, London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2002</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-10" href="#footnote-anchor-10" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">10</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Mei Wang, Marc Oliver Rieger og Thorsten Hens, &#8222;How Time Preferences Differ: Evidence from 53 Countries,&#8220; <em><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1481443">Journal of Economic Psychology</a></em>,</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-11" href="#footnote-anchor-11" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">11</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Frank Salter, &#8222;Estimating Ethnic Genetic Interests: Is It Adaptive to Resist Replacement Migration?&#8220;, <em>Population and Environment</em> 24, nr. 2 (2002): 111&#8211;140.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-12" href="#footnote-anchor-12" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">12</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Frank Salter, <em>On Genetic Interests: Family, Ethny and Humanity in an Age of Mass Migration</em>, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2003.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-13" href="#footnote-anchor-13" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">13</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>H&#233;l&#233;na A. Gaspar og Gerome Breen, &#8222;Probabilistic ancestry maps: A method to assess and visualize population substructures in genetics,&#8220; <em>BMC Bioinformatics</em> 20, nr. 1 (2019): 116</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-14" href="#footnote-anchor-14" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">14</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Grace Hwang Lynch, &#8222;Patients of Mixed-Race Ancestry Have Much Lower Chances of Finding a Donor,&#8220; <em><a href="https://caamedia.org/blog/2018/11/15/mixed-match-focuses-on-need-for-multiracial-bone-marrow-donors/">CAAMedia.org</a></em>, 15. n&#243;vember 2018</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-15" href="#footnote-anchor-15" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">15</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Yu, Ning og Feng-Chi Chen. &#8222;Larger Genetic Differences Within Africans Than Between Africans and Eurasians.&#8220; <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.1.269">Genetics</a></em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.1.269"> </a>161, nr. 1 (2002): 269&#8211;274.</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Íslandsheimt]]></title><description><![CDATA[Lausnir / Endurflutningur / Remigration]]></description><link>https://www.opinaugu.is/p/islandsheimt</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.opinaugu.is/p/islandsheimt</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Opin Augu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 11 Jun 2025 16:21:21 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b8ec883b-117b-45d7-bec4-55e1427dc4a0_2585x1906.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Stj&#243;rnlaus straumur &#250;tlendinga inn &#237; landi&#240; er hvorki n&#225;tt&#250;rul&#246;gm&#225;l n&#233; &#243;umfl&#253;janlegur fylgifiskur n&#250;t&#237;mans. Opin landam&#230;ri eru aflei&#240;ing vanr&#230;kslu, hugleysis og a&#240;ger&#240;aleysis &#237;slenskra stj&#243;rnvalda. Af umr&#230;&#240;unni er lj&#243;st a&#240; almenningur krefst &#254;ess a&#240; gripi&#240; ver&#240;i til a&#240;ger&#240;a &#237; &#250;tlendingam&#225;lum. &#222;essi grein fjallar um endurflutning (<em>remigration</em>), skipulagt og mann&#250;&#240;legt &#250;rr&#230;&#240;i sem gerir f&#243;lki af erlendum uppruna kleift a&#240; sn&#250;a aftur heim me&#240; vir&#240;ingu og &#246;ryggi &#237; &#246;ndvegi. &#222;annig endurheimtum vi&#240; &#230;ttj&#246;r&#240; okkar og gerum &#205;sland aftur &#246;ruggt, samheldi&#240; og &#237;slenskt.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jvN1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bdf6ab2-196e-43fd-86eb-54f40dd74bb2_667x571.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jvN1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bdf6ab2-196e-43fd-86eb-54f40dd74bb2_667x571.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jvN1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bdf6ab2-196e-43fd-86eb-54f40dd74bb2_667x571.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jvN1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bdf6ab2-196e-43fd-86eb-54f40dd74bb2_667x571.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jvN1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bdf6ab2-196e-43fd-86eb-54f40dd74bb2_667x571.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jvN1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bdf6ab2-196e-43fd-86eb-54f40dd74bb2_667x571.png" width="667" height="571" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jvN1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bdf6ab2-196e-43fd-86eb-54f40dd74bb2_667x571.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jvN1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bdf6ab2-196e-43fd-86eb-54f40dd74bb2_667x571.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jvN1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bdf6ab2-196e-43fd-86eb-54f40dd74bb2_667x571.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jvN1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bdf6ab2-196e-43fd-86eb-54f40dd74bb2_667x571.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Undanfarinn &#225;ratug hefur meira en fimmtungi &#237;slensku &#254;j&#243;&#240;arinnar veri&#240; skipt &#250;t fyrir f&#243;lk af erlendum uppruna. Ef &#254;essi &#254;r&#243;un heldur &#225;fram ver&#240;a &#205;slendingar br&#225;tt a&#240; minnihluta &#237; eigin landi.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> &#222;ar sem &#254;essi &#250;tskipti hafa &#225;tt s&#233;r sta&#240; &#225;n ofbeldis e&#240;a &#225;taka er lj&#243;st a&#240; &#254;a&#240; er einnig h&#230;gt a&#240; sn&#250;a &#254;r&#243;uninni vi&#240; og endurheimta &#254;j&#243;&#240;ina &#225; fri&#240;saman og skipulag&#240;an h&#225;tt, &#225;n &#254;ess a&#240; beita erlenda r&#237;kisborgara &#243;r&#233;ttl&#230;ti e&#240;a valdn&#237;&#240;slu. Hluti af lausn vandans felst vissulega &#237; &#254;v&#237; a&#240; finna lei&#240;ir til a&#240; auka f&#230;&#240;ingart&#237;&#240;ni &#205;slendinga, sem er n&#250; &#237; s&#246;gulegu l&#225;gmarki. Vi&#240; ver&#240;um hins vegar a&#240; horfast &#237; augu vi&#240; &#254;&#225; sta&#240;reynd a&#240; vi&#240; munum aldrei vinna frj&#243;semiskapphlaupi&#240; vi&#240; &#254;ri&#240;ja heiminn. Engu a&#240; s&#237;&#240;ur getum vi&#240; kosi&#240; a&#240; var&#240;veita eigin tilveru. Ef okkur er alvara me&#240; a&#240; var&#240;veita &#205;sland&#8212;tungum&#225;l, menningu og &#254;&#225; einst&#246;ku samheldni sem einkennir &#237;slenska &#254;j&#243;&#240;&#8212;ver&#240;a &#254;&#250;sundir einstaklinga fr&#225; &#254;ri&#240;ja heiminum a&#240; sn&#250;a aftur til s&#237;ns heima. Vandinn er ekki a&#240; <strong>vi&#240; </strong>s&#233;um of f&#225;&#8212;&#254;a&#240; er einfaldlega of miki&#240; af <strong>&#254;eim</strong>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wjog!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9a41290c-c60f-428a-b54c-a9833491ec26_1142x989.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wjog!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9a41290c-c60f-428a-b54c-a9833491ec26_1142x989.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wjog!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9a41290c-c60f-428a-b54c-a9833491ec26_1142x989.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wjog!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9a41290c-c60f-428a-b54c-a9833491ec26_1142x989.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wjog!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9a41290c-c60f-428a-b54c-a9833491ec26_1142x989.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wjog!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9a41290c-c60f-428a-b54c-a9833491ec26_1142x989.jpeg" width="1142" height="989" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9a41290c-c60f-428a-b54c-a9833491ec26_1142x989.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:989,&quot;width&quot;:1142,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:250130,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.opinaugu.is/i/165470948?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9a41290c-c60f-428a-b54c-a9833491ec26_1142x989.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wjog!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9a41290c-c60f-428a-b54c-a9833491ec26_1142x989.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wjog!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9a41290c-c60f-428a-b54c-a9833491ec26_1142x989.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wjog!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9a41290c-c60f-428a-b54c-a9833491ec26_1142x989.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wjog!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9a41290c-c60f-428a-b54c-a9833491ec26_1142x989.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><br></p><p><strong>Framkv&#230;manlegt?<br></strong>Svari&#240; er einfalt: Ef &#254;essir einstaklingar g&#225;tu komi&#240; til &#205;slands, geta &#254;eir einnig sn&#250;i&#240; aftur heim. Flugv&#233;lar flj&#250;ga &#237; b&#225;&#240;ar &#225;ttir og f&#243;lksflutningar eru ekki einstefna. Enginn gerir athugasemd vi&#240; a&#240; menn flytji milli landa af efnahags&#225;st&#230;&#240;um&#8212;vegna atvinnu, h&#250;sn&#230;&#240;isver&#240;s e&#240;a n&#225;ms. Ef vi&#240; getum s&#230;tt okkur vi&#240; f&#243;lksflutninga til a&#240; koma til m&#243;ts vi&#240; st&#243;r<s> </s>fyrirt&#230;ki, &#254;&#225; hlj&#243;tum vi&#240; a&#240; geta sam&#254;ykkt sl&#237;ka flutninga &#237; &#254;eim g&#246;fugri tilgangi a&#240; endurheimta landi&#240; okkar.<br></p><p>Vi&#240; getum gripi&#240; til fj&#246;lmargra a&#240;ger&#240;a&#8212;l&#246;glegra og si&#240;legra&#8212;til a&#240; endurheimta &#205;sland:</p><p>&#9679; <strong>Endursko&#240;un &#250;tlendingastefnu:</strong> Leggja ni&#240;ur stefnu fj&#246;ldainnflutnings &#225; erlendu vinnuafli og taka &#254;ess &#237; sta&#240; upp stefnu sem hvetur f&#243;lk til a&#240; sn&#250;a aftur heim.</p><p>&#9679; <strong>Skr&#250;fa fyrir hvatakerfi</strong>: Skera ni&#240;ur alla velfer&#240;ar&#254;j&#243;nustu, h&#250;sn&#230;&#240;isstyrki, &#243;keypis heilbrig&#240;is&#254;j&#243;nustu og stoppa &#237; g&#246;t &#225; vinnumarka&#240;sl&#246;ggj&#246;f sem gerir &#250;tlendingum kleift a&#240; stunda &#243;l&#246;glega starfsemi; leigub&#237;laakstur, sendla &#225;n atvinnuleyfis, mansal, o.s.frv.</p><p>&#9679; <strong>Sj&#225;lfviljugur endurflutningur</strong> me&#240; fj&#225;rhagsstu&#240;ningi: Hvetja menn til heimfer&#240;ar me&#240; fj&#225;rhagslegum hv&#246;tum a&#240; s&#230;nskri fyrirmynd.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a></p><p>&#9679; <strong>A&#240;sto&#240;a </strong>r&#250;mlega 150 erlenda fanga, sem n&#250; afpl&#225;na &#237; &#237;slenskum fangelsum, auk hundra&#240;a annarra h&#230;ttulegra gl&#230;pamanna, vi&#240; a&#240; yfirgefa landi&#240;.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a></p><p>&#9679; <strong>Her&#240;a eftirlit &#225; landam&#230;rum</strong>: &#205;sland getur h&#230;glega hert eftirlit og takmarka&#240; komu f&#243;lks innan gildandi Schengen- og EES-reglna, &#225;n &#254;ess a&#240; rifta samningum.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a></p><p>&#9679; <strong>H&#225;marksfj&#246;ldi fl&#243;ttamanna</strong>: Takmarka m&#243;tt&#246;ku vi&#240; 25-50 einstaklinga &#225; &#225;ri, l&#237;kt og gert var &#225; &#225;runum 1990&#8211;2000, eing&#246;ngu fr&#225; &#225;takasv&#230;&#240;um innan Evr&#243;pu.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a></p><p>&#9679; <strong>S&#233;rst&#246;k endurflutnings&#225;&#230;tlun</strong>: Skipul&#246;g&#240;, mann&#250;&#240;leg og traust a&#240;sto&#240; vi&#240; innflytjendur a&#240; sn&#250;a aftur til heimalandsins.</p><p><strong>Hj&#225;lpum &#222;eim Heim</strong><br>Endurflutningur er ekki stefna sem byggir &#225; grimmd, hefndar&#254;orsta e&#240;a kyn&#254;&#225;ttahatri. Endurflutningur byggir &#225; s&#225;tt, samst&#246;&#240;u og r&#233;ttl&#230;ti fyrir alla sem m&#225;li&#240; snertir. Hann gefur b&#230;&#240;i &#205;slendingum og &#250;tlendingum t&#230;kif&#230;ri til a&#240; alast upp &#225; kunnugum sl&#243;&#240;um sem tilheyra &#254;eim og &#254;eim eing&#246;ngu. &#205;myndi&#240; ykkur a&#240; endurheimta &#254;j&#243;&#240;f&#233;lag &#254;ar sem d&#230;tur okkar geta gengi&#240; um g&#246;tur &#243;hr&#230;ddar a&#240; kv&#246;ldlagi. &#222;j&#243;&#240;f&#233;lag &#254;ar sem ungt f&#243;lk hefur efni &#225; a&#240; eignast h&#250;sn&#230;&#240;i og stofna fj&#246;lskyldu, &#254;ar sem skattf&#233; landsmanna er n&#253;tt &#237; &#254;&#225;gu &#254;j&#243;&#240;ar &#237; sta&#240; &#254;ess a&#240; halda uppi erlendum gl&#230;pagengjum. &#222;j&#243;&#240;f&#233;lag &#254;ar sem vi&#240; getum tj&#225;&#240; sko&#240;anir okkar og r&#230;tt vandam&#225;l opinsk&#225;tt &#225;n &#254;ess a&#240; &#243;ttast k&#230;rur fyrir hatursor&#240;r&#230;&#240;u. Endurflutningur sn&#253;st um a&#240; endurheimta &#205;sland og endurvekja heilbrig&#240;a skynsemi.<br></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dFCH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e0058b3-0d94-4b04-b8e1-49ba539ed40d_1200x630.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dFCH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e0058b3-0d94-4b04-b8e1-49ba539ed40d_1200x630.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dFCH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e0058b3-0d94-4b04-b8e1-49ba539ed40d_1200x630.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dFCH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e0058b3-0d94-4b04-b8e1-49ba539ed40d_1200x630.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dFCH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e0058b3-0d94-4b04-b8e1-49ba539ed40d_1200x630.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dFCH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e0058b3-0d94-4b04-b8e1-49ba539ed40d_1200x630.jpeg" width="1200" height="630" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2e0058b3-0d94-4b04-b8e1-49ba539ed40d_1200x630.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:630,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Fly Hekla Aurora | Icelandair US&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Fly Hekla Aurora | Icelandair US" title="Fly Hekla Aurora | Icelandair US" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dFCH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e0058b3-0d94-4b04-b8e1-49ba539ed40d_1200x630.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dFCH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e0058b3-0d94-4b04-b8e1-49ba539ed40d_1200x630.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dFCH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e0058b3-0d94-4b04-b8e1-49ba539ed40d_1200x630.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dFCH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e0058b3-0d94-4b04-b8e1-49ba539ed40d_1200x630.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Endurflutningur sn&#253;st ekki um byltingakennda draum&#243;ra. Hann sn&#253;st einfaldlega um a&#240; standa v&#246;r&#240; um &#237;slensku &#254;j&#243;&#240;ina&#8212;sameiginlegan uppruna, gagnkv&#230;mt traust og st&#243;rbrotna arfleif&#240;. &#205;sland er kannski ekki bezt &#237; heimi en fyrir &#205;slendinga er ekki til neitt betra. &#205;sland er land &#254;itt og h&#233;r eru okkar r&#230;tur og saga, forsendur fyrir &#254;j&#243;&#240;arheill til framt&#237;&#240;ar. &#205;slenskir stj&#243;rnm&#225;laflokkar ver&#240;a a&#240; sl&#237;&#240;ra sver&#240;in og &#225;tta sig &#225; a&#240; &#254;etta er br&#253;nasta m&#225;l samt&#237;mans. Skattpr&#243;sentur, tryggingagjald e&#240;a flokks&#237;mynd blikna &#237; samanbur&#240;i vi&#240; tilvistarvanda &#254;j&#243;&#240;arinnar.</p><p>Sta&#240;an er langt &#237; fr&#225; vonlaus. Vi&#240; getum endurheimt &#205;sland og byggt aftur upp &#254;j&#243;&#240;f&#233;lag sem einkennist af samheldni, st&#246;&#240;ugleika og fri&#240;i &#237; sta&#240; sundrungar og glundro&#240;a. Land &#254;ar sem b&#246;rn okkar og barnab&#246;rn geta lifa&#240; &#225;hyggjulaus og bori&#240; h&#246;fu&#240;i&#240; h&#225;tt.</p><p>Endurheimtum &#205;sland!</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Gylfi Magn&#250;sson, &#8222;L&#253;&#240;fr&#230;&#240;i &#205;slands &#225;n innflytjenda,&#8220; fyrirlestur fluttur &#225; r&#225;&#240;stefnu &#222;j&#243;&#240;arspegilsins, H&#225;sk&#243;li &#205;slands, Reykjav&#237;k, n&#243;vember 2024</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Fj&#225;rm&#225;la- og efnahagsr&#225;&#240;uneyti&#240;, <em>Langt&#237;mahorfur &#237; efnahagsm&#225;lum og opinberum fj&#225;rm&#225;lum</em>, mars 2025. <a href="https://www.stjornarradid.is/library/02-Rit--skyrslur-og-skrar/Mars%202025%20sk%C3%BDrsla%20um%20langt%C3%ADmahorfur%20%C3%AD%20efnahagsrm%C3%A1lum%20til%20birtingar%20%C3%A1%20vef.pdf">stjornaradid.is</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#8222;Sweden to pay immigrants $34,000 for voluntary return home,&#8220; <em><a href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240912-sweden-to-pay-immigrants-34000-for-voluntary-return-home/">Middle East Monitor</a></em>, 12. september 2024</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#218;lfar L&#250;&#240;v&#237;ksson, &#8222;Schengen&#8209;samstarfi&#240; voru mist&#246;k,&#8220; <em><a href="https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2025/05/24/schengen_samstarfid_voru_mistok/">Morgunbla&#240;i&#240;</a></em>, 24. ma&#237; 2025. &#8222;&#254;essi opnun landam&#230;ra og &#254;essar fl&#243;&#240;g&#225;ttir &#8230; eru aflei&#240;ingar &#254;ess a&#240; [vi&#240; h&#246;fum hleypt] inn h&#230;ttulegu f&#243;lki sem vi&#240; hef&#240;um ekki &#225;tt a&#240; hleypa inn &#237; landi&#240;.&#8220;</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>European Policy Centre, &#8220;Temporary Border Controls in the Schengen Area,&#8221; <em><a href="https://epthinktank.eu/2020/03/17/temporary-border-controls-in-the-schengen-area/">EP Think Tank</a></em>, 17. mars 2020. &#205; grein 25 &#237; Schengen-samningnum er heimilt a&#240; endurvekja landam&#230;raeftirlit innan sv&#230;&#240;isins ef &#8222;alvarleg &#243;gn vi&#240; almannaeigu e&#240;a innri &#246;ryggi&#8220;</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, <em><a href="https://www.refworld.org/reference/annualreport/uscri/2000/en/8993">World Refugee Survey 2000</a> &#8211; Iceland</em>, 1. j&#250;n&#237; 2000. &#205; &#225;rslok 1999 h&#253;sti &#205;sland 63 h&#230;lisleitendur og fl&#243;ttamenn, &#254;ar af 44 albanska fl&#243;ttamenn fr&#225; Kosovo.</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Útskiptin Miklu]]></title><description><![CDATA[Hin Mikla &#222;&#246;gn]]></description><link>https://www.opinaugu.is/p/utskipti</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.opinaugu.is/p/utskipti</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Opin Augu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 01 Jun 2025 16:25:13 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!277D!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1f70d5-72d0-4d46-9cca-0c1afaac1773_1142x989.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Sams&#230;riskenning e&#240;a framt&#237;&#240; &#205;slands?</strong><br>&#205; meira en &#225;ratug hafa b&#230;&#240;i fr&#230;&#240;imenn og stj&#243;rnm&#225;lamenn fullyrt a&#240; hugmyndin um <em><strong>hin miklu &#250;tskipti</strong></em> (<em>The Great Replacement</em>)&#8212;&#254;a&#240; a&#240; Evr&#243;pum&#246;nnum ver&#240;i sm&#225;m saman skipt &#250;t fyrir innflytjendur&#8212;s&#233; ekkert anna&#240; en hugarbur&#240;ur h&#230;gri&#246;fgamanna.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> &#222;eir ger&#240;u gr&#237;n a&#240; hugmyndinni og flokku&#240;u hana sem sams&#230;riskenningu afturhaldssamra &#254;j&#243;&#240;ernissinna sem skorti elju og kjark til a&#240; m&#230;ta breytingum n&#250;t&#237;mans. En &#225; me&#240;an g&#243;&#240;a f&#243;lki&#240; hl&#243; &#254;r&#243;u&#240;ust t&#246;lurnar &#225; annan veg. &#205; dag eru erlendir r&#237;kisborgarar or&#240;nir meira en 20% af &#237;b&#250;um &#205;slands&#8212;og n&#250; hafa kj&#225;nal&#230;tin breyst &#237; yfirl&#230;ti, &#254;ar sem okkur er sagt a&#240; &#250;tskipti &#254;j&#243;&#240;arinnar s&#233;u ekki a&#240;eins raunveruleg heldur beinl&#237;nis &#230;skileg:</p><blockquote><p>&#8222;<em>&#201;g vil &#205;sland me&#240; m&#246;rgum &#250;tlendingum &#8230; &#222;ar sem eru fleiri sta&#240;ir sem bj&#243;&#240;a upp &#225; skemmtilegan mat.</em>&#8220; &#8212; &#222;&#243;rd&#237;s Kolbr&#250;n R. Gylfad&#243;ttir, fj&#225;rm&#225;lar&#225;&#240;herra<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p>&#8222;<em>Vi&#240; viljum sj&#225; &#205;sland &#254;r&#243;ast &#237; fj&#246;lbreyttara samf&#233;lag.</em>&#8220; &#8212; Eygl&#243; Har&#240;ard&#243;ttir,  f&#233;lags- og jafnr&#233;ttism&#225;lar&#225;&#240;herra<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p>&#8222;<em>Vi&#240; h&#246;fum allar forsendur til a&#240; b&#250;a f&#243;lki h&#233;r n&#253;ja ver&#246;ld, vi&#240; h&#246;fum teki&#240; &#225; m&#243;ti f&#243;lki og ver&#240;um a&#240; halda &#254;v&#237; &#225;fram.</em>&#8220; &#8212; Gu&#240;ni Th. J&#243;hannesson, forseti &#205;slands <a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a></p></blockquote><p>Hvernig getur eitthva&#240; veri&#240; sams&#230;riskenning sem &#225; s&#233;r enga sto&#240; &#237; raunveruleikanum og um lei&#240; j&#225;kv&#230;&#240; &#254;r&#243;un sem okkur ber a&#240; fagna?</p><p></p><p><strong>Hin mikla &#254;&#246;gn</strong><br>G&#246;gn fr&#225; Hagstofu &#205;slands sta&#240;festa a&#240; ef &#254;r&#243;unin heldur &#225;fram munu &#205;slendingar ver&#240;a minnihluti &#237; eigin landi innan 50 &#225;ra.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a> Samkv&#230;mt ranns&#243;kn Gylfa Magn&#250;ssonar hagfr&#230;&#240;ings ver&#240;ur a&#240;eins um &#254;ri&#240;jungur &#237;b&#250;a &#205;slands af &#237;slenskum uppruna &#225;ri&#240; 2100&#8212;70% ver&#240;a af erlendu bergi brotnir.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!277D!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1f70d5-72d0-4d46-9cca-0c1afaac1773_1142x989.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!277D!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1f70d5-72d0-4d46-9cca-0c1afaac1773_1142x989.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!277D!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1f70d5-72d0-4d46-9cca-0c1afaac1773_1142x989.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!277D!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1f70d5-72d0-4d46-9cca-0c1afaac1773_1142x989.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!277D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1f70d5-72d0-4d46-9cca-0c1afaac1773_1142x989.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!277D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1f70d5-72d0-4d46-9cca-0c1afaac1773_1142x989.jpeg" width="1142" height="989" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fc1f70d5-72d0-4d46-9cca-0c1afaac1773_1142x989.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:989,&quot;width&quot;:1142,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:250130,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.opinaugu.is/i/164650236?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1f70d5-72d0-4d46-9cca-0c1afaac1773_1142x989.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!277D!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1f70d5-72d0-4d46-9cca-0c1afaac1773_1142x989.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!277D!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1f70d5-72d0-4d46-9cca-0c1afaac1773_1142x989.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!277D!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1f70d5-72d0-4d46-9cca-0c1afaac1773_1142x989.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!277D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc1f70d5-72d0-4d46-9cca-0c1afaac1773_1142x989.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Hin miklu &#250;tskipti eru &#254;v&#237; ekki &#246;fgafull sams&#230;riskenning heldur einfalt reikningsd&#230;mi &#254;ar sem f&#243;lksfj&#246;lgun &#225; &#205;slandi byggist n&#250; a&#240;allega &#225; innflutningi &#250;tlendinga, ekki fj&#246;lgun innf&#230;ddra. &#193; sama t&#237;ma halda &#205;slendingar &#225;fram a&#240; flytja &#250;r landi og f&#230;&#240;ingart&#237;&#240;ni er &#237; s&#246;gulegu l&#225;gmarki.</p><p>&#222;r&#225;tt fyrir &#254;essa mestu umbyltingu sem or&#240;i&#240; hefur &#225; &#237;slensku samf&#233;lagi &#237; &#254;&#250;sund &#225;r r&#237;kir &#254;&#246;ggun um aflei&#240;ingarnar. Hva&#240; &#254;&#253;&#240;ir &#254;etta fyrir sk&#243;la barna okkar, tungum&#225;li&#240;, r&#233;ttarkerfi&#240; og &#237;slenska menningu? Enginn segir neitt. &#222;a&#240; r&#237;kir &#254;&#246;gn.</p><p>&#222;etta eru ekki a&#240;eins <em>hin miklu &#250;tskipti</em> sem eru a&#240; eiga s&#233;r sta&#240;, heldur einnig <em>hin mikla &#254;&#246;gn</em>.</p><p></p><p><strong>Hva&#240;a ma&#240;ur kemur &#237; manns sta&#240;?</strong><br>Samkv&#230;mt g&#246;gnum fr&#225; d&#243;msm&#225;lar&#225;&#240;uneytinu eru &#250;tlendingar &#225; &#205;slandi t&#237;falt l&#237;klegri en &#205;slendingar til a&#240; lenda &#237; fangelsi<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a> og a&#240; minnsta kosti sex sinnum oftar gruna&#240;ir um kynfer&#240;isbrot.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-9" href="#footnote-9" target="_self">9</a> Meira en helmingur &#254;eirra sem &#254;iggja b&#230;tur hj&#225; Vinnum&#225;lastofnun eru erlendir r&#237;kisborgarar<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-10" href="#footnote-10" target="_self">10</a> og &#254;eir eru sexfalt l&#237;klegri en innf&#230;ddir til a&#240; &#254;urfa &#225; fj&#225;rhagsa&#240;sto&#240; sveitarf&#233;laga a&#240; halda.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-11" href="#footnote-11" target="_self">11</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YaER!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1a58918-5da8-42f3-9532-ac65aa4725fa_3240x2022.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YaER!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1a58918-5da8-42f3-9532-ac65aa4725fa_3240x2022.jpeg" width="1456" height="909" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YaER!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1a58918-5da8-42f3-9532-ac65aa4725fa_3240x2022.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YaER!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1a58918-5da8-42f3-9532-ac65aa4725fa_3240x2022.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YaER!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1a58918-5da8-42f3-9532-ac65aa4725fa_3240x2022.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YaER!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1a58918-5da8-42f3-9532-ac65aa4725fa_3240x2022.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Hva&#240; gerist &#237; velfer&#240;arr&#237;ki eins og &#205;slandi &#254;egar skattf&#233; almennings &#254;arf a&#240; standa undir b&#230;&#240;i &#246;rt vaxandi h&#243;pi aldra&#240;ra og fj&#246;lmennum h&#243;pi innflytjenda me&#240; litla sem enga atvinnu&#254;&#225;ttt&#246;ku? Undanfarinn &#225;ratug hefur aukinn kostna&#240;ur vegna innflytjenda sliga&#240; velfer&#240;arkerfin m.a. &#237; Danm&#246;rku, &#222;&#253;skalandi og Hollandi, minnka&#240; samheldni og auki&#240; f&#233;lagslega spennu.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-12" href="#footnote-12" target="_self">12</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-13" href="#footnote-13" target="_self">13</a> &#205;sland er engin undantekning, vi&#240; erum &#254;egar farin a&#240; finna fyrir &#225;hrifum fj&#246;lgunar &#250;tlendinga &#254;ar sem innvi&#240;ir samf&#233;lagsins n&#225;lgast &#254;olm&#246;rk.</p><p>Hver mun sj&#225; um um&#246;nnun aldra&#240;ra &#254;egar fram l&#237;&#240;a stundir? Ver&#240;ur &#254;a&#240; f&#243;lk sem deilir gildum okkar, tungum&#225;li og s&#246;gu&#8212;e&#240;a ver&#240;ur &#254;a&#240; einhver yfir h&#246;fu&#240;?</p><p></p><p><strong>F&#230;&#240;ingart&#237;&#240;ni</strong><br>F&#230;&#240;ingart&#237;&#240;ni &#225; &#205;slandi er &#237; s&#246;gulegu l&#225;gmarki.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-14" href="#footnote-14" target="_self">14</a> &#205;slendingar fj&#246;lga s&#233;r ekki &#237; &#243;&#246;ruggu umhverfi. Frasi eins og &#8222;&#233;g vil ekki f&#230;&#240;a barn &#237; svona hr&#230;&#240;ilegan heim&#8220; er meira en bara klisja&#8212;hann endurspeglar veruleika ungs f&#243;lks sem upplifir sig sem gesti &#237; &#243;kunnu landi.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5EG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5963b510-670a-4e3a-a76c-57cbf92c1501_603x545.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5EG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5963b510-670a-4e3a-a76c-57cbf92c1501_603x545.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5EG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5963b510-670a-4e3a-a76c-57cbf92c1501_603x545.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5EG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5963b510-670a-4e3a-a76c-57cbf92c1501_603x545.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5EG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5963b510-670a-4e3a-a76c-57cbf92c1501_603x545.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5EG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5963b510-670a-4e3a-a76c-57cbf92c1501_603x545.png" width="603" height="545" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5963b510-670a-4e3a-a76c-57cbf92c1501_603x545.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:545,&quot;width&quot;:603,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:23738,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.opinaugu.is/i/164650236?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5963b510-670a-4e3a-a76c-57cbf92c1501_603x545.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5EG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5963b510-670a-4e3a-a76c-57cbf92c1501_603x545.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5EG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5963b510-670a-4e3a-a76c-57cbf92c1501_603x545.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5EG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5963b510-670a-4e3a-a76c-57cbf92c1501_603x545.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m5EG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5963b510-670a-4e3a-a76c-57cbf92c1501_603x545.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Umhverfi skiptir sk&#246;pum fyrir frj&#243;semi &#205;slendinga sem &#254;urfa f&#233;lagslegan st&#246;&#240;ugleika og &#246;ryggi til a&#240; geta dafna&#240; og fj&#246;lga&#240; s&#233;r. En me&#240;an b&#230;jarf&#233;l&#246;g sundrast vegna &#225;taka milli &#243;l&#237;kra h&#243;pa eru ungar fj&#246;lskyldur skattlag&#240;ar &#237; auknum m&#230;li til a&#240; fj&#225;rmagna &#250;rr&#230;&#240;i sem &#254;j&#243;na fyrst og fremst &#250;tlendingum. Hvernig getur ungt par stofna&#240; fj&#246;lskyldu &#254;egar skattf&#233; &#254;ess fer &#237; velfer&#240;arkerfi fyrir f&#243;lk fr&#225; &#254;ri&#240;ja heiminum sem vill ekki vinna?</p><p></p><p><strong>Stolin framt&#237;&#240;</strong><br>Ef svo fer sem horfir munu &#205;slendingar einangrast og enda sem minnihlutah&#243;pur &#237; eigin landi, umkringdir af &#243;vinveittum a&#240;komum&#246;nnum. Allt sem vi&#240; &#254;ekkjum mun sm&#225;m saman hverfa. Ef vi&#240; ver&#240;um heppin ver&#240;a minningar okkar ef til vill var&#240;veittar &#225; s&#246;fnum, &#254;ar sem s&#233;rvitrir fr&#230;&#240;ingar &#237; horfnum &#254;j&#243;&#240;um munu bera fram n&#246;fn okkar &#225; erlendri tungu. &#205;sland, sem einu sinni var okkar &#230;ttj&#246;r&#240;, ver&#240;ur landsv&#230;&#240;i &#250;tlendinga sem hvorki skilja n&#233; hafa &#225;huga &#225; a&#240; var&#240;veita arfleif&#240; okkar. &#222;eir munu erfa byggingar, innvi&#240;i, au&#240;lindir&#8212;en ekki andann sem bygg&#240;i &#205;sland.</p><p>Vi&#240; munum aldrei sigra frj&#243;semiskapphlaupi&#240; vi&#240; &#254;ri&#240;ja heiminn en vi&#240; getum engu a&#240; s&#237;&#240;ur vali&#240; a&#240; var&#240;veita okkar eigin tilveru. Fyrsta skrefi&#240; er a&#240; opna augun fyrir &#254;v&#237; sem er a&#240; gerast. N&#230;sta skref er a&#240; endurheimta &#205;sland sem heimkynni &#205;slendinga, &#254;ar sem &#254;eir geta lifa&#240; og dafna&#240;, elska&#240; og stofna&#240; fj&#246;lskyldur. &#222;a&#240; &#230;tti a&#240; vera algj&#246;r &#243;&#254;arfi a&#240; sannf&#230;ra &#205;slendinga um a&#240; &#254;eir eigi r&#233;tt &#225; sinni eigin framt&#237;&#240;&#8212;jafn &#243;&#254;arft og a&#240; sannf&#230;ra menn um a&#240; betra s&#233; a&#240; lifa en a&#240; deyja.</p><p>Vi&#240; erum afkomendur &#254;eirra sem ritu&#240;u &#205;slendingas&#246;gurnar og var&#240;veittu norr&#230;na go&#240;afr&#230;&#240;i. Vi&#240; erum a&#240;eins 300 &#254;&#250;sund manns. &#205; samanbur&#240;i vi&#240; 15 millj&#243;nir Palest&#237;numanna, 23 millj&#243;nir S&#253;rlendinga og 37 millj&#243;nir P&#243;lverja er tilvist &#237;slendinga hverful. &#222;a&#240; &#254;arf ekki kjarnorkustr&#237;&#240; til a&#240; &#250;tr&#253;ma &#237;slendingum&#8212;a&#240;eins &#254;&#246;gn, hin mikla &#254;&#246;gn n&#230;gir til a&#240; grei&#240;a lei&#240; fyrir <strong>hin miklu &#250;tskipti</strong>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-W3O!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b3d7c8-635e-4097-a6ba-47254305f11a_630x364.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-W3O!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b3d7c8-635e-4097-a6ba-47254305f11a_630x364.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-W3O!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b3d7c8-635e-4097-a6ba-47254305f11a_630x364.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-W3O!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b3d7c8-635e-4097-a6ba-47254305f11a_630x364.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-W3O!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b3d7c8-635e-4097-a6ba-47254305f11a_630x364.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-W3O!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b3d7c8-635e-4097-a6ba-47254305f11a_630x364.jpeg" width="630" height="364" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/39b3d7c8-635e-4097-a6ba-47254305f11a_630x364.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:364,&quot;width&quot;:630,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-W3O!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b3d7c8-635e-4097-a6ba-47254305f11a_630x364.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-W3O!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b3d7c8-635e-4097-a6ba-47254305f11a_630x364.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-W3O!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b3d7c8-635e-4097-a6ba-47254305f11a_630x364.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-W3O!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F39b3d7c8-635e-4097-a6ba-47254305f11a_630x364.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Eir&#237;kur Bergmann</strong>, &#8222;&#205;slendingar ginnkeyptir fyrir p&#243;lit&#237;skum sams&#230;riskenningum,&#8220; <em><a href="https://www.visir.is/g/20242613020d/islendingar-ginnkeyptir-fyrir-politiskum-samsaeriskenningum">V&#237;sir</a></em>, 2. september 2024.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Snorri M&#225;sson</strong>, &#8222;Bjarni hafi opna&#240; landam&#230;rin og kvarti n&#250; yfir f&#225;num &#225; Austurvelli,&#8220; <em><a href="https://www.ritstjori.is/p/bjarni-hafi-opna-landamrin-og-kvarti?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email#media-6e969ff0-3220-4bf9-aa2d-593a36ede8be">Ritstj&#243;rinn</a></em>, 13. febr&#250;ar 2024</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Eygl&#243; Har&#240;ard&#243;tt&#173;ir</strong> &#8222;Sn&#253;st um f&#243;lk, ekki vandam&#225;l,&#8220; <em><a href="https://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2016/10/12/snyst_um_folk_ekki_vandamal/">Morgunbla&#240;i&#240;</a></em>, 12. okt&#243;ber 2016.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Gu&#240;ni Th. J&#243;hannesson</strong>, &#8222;Ekkert a&#240; &#243;ttast &#237; innflytjendam&#225;lum ef vi&#240; s&#253;num skynsemi og mann&#250;&#240;,&#8220; <em><a href="https://kjarninn.is/frettir/2016-07-02-gudni-th-ekkert-ad-ottast-i-innflytjendamalum-ef-vid-synum-skynsemi-og-mannud/">Kjarninn</a></em>, 2. j&#250;l&#237; 2016</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Fj&#225;rm&#225;la- og efnahagsr&#225;&#240;uneyti&#240;</strong>, <em>Langt&#237;mahorfur &#237; efnahagsm&#225;lum og opinberum fj&#225;rm&#225;lum</em>, mars 2025. <a href="https://www.stjornarradid.is/library/02-Rit--skyrslur-og-skrar/Mars%202025%20sk%C3%BDrsla%20um%20langt%C3%ADmahorfur%20%C3%AD%20efnahagsrm%C3%A1lum%20til%20birtingar%20%C3%A1%20vef.pdf">stjornaradid.is</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Hagstofa &#205;slands</strong>, <em>Mannfj&#246;ldasp&#225; 2020&#8211;2069</em>, Hagt&#237;&#240;indi: Mannfj&#246;ldi, 105. &#225;rg., 19. tbl., 17. desember 2020</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Gylfi Magn&#250;sson</strong>, &#8222;L&#253;&#240;fr&#230;&#240;i &#205;slands &#225;n innflytjenda,&#8220; fyrirlestur fluttur &#225; r&#225;&#240;stefnu &#222;j&#243;&#240;arspegilsins, H&#225;sk&#243;li &#205;slands, Reykjav&#237;k, n&#243;vember 2024</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Fangelsism&#225;lastofnun</strong>, &#8222;75% g&#230;sluvar&#240;haldsfanga voru &#250;tlendingar,&#8220; <em><a href="https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2024/01/08/75_prosent_gaesluvardhaldsfanga_voru_utlendingar/">Morgunbla&#240;i&#240;</a></em><a href="https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2024/01/08/75_prosent_gaesluvardhaldsfanga_voru_utlendingar/">, 8. jan&#250;ar 2024</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-9" href="#footnote-anchor-9" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">9</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>D&#243;msm&#225;lar&#225;&#240;uneyti&#240;</strong>, &#8222;N&#230;r tv&#246;falt fleiri &#250;tlendingar gruna&#240;ir um kynfer&#240;isbrot,&#8220; <em><a href="https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2024/07/05/naer_tvofalt_fleiri_utlendingar_grunadir_um_kynferd/">Morgunbla&#240;i&#240;</a></em><a href="https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2024/07/05/naer_tvofalt_fleiri_utlendingar_grunadir_um_kynferd/">, 5. j&#250;l&#237; 2024</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-10" href="#footnote-anchor-10" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">10</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Vinnum&#225;lastofnun</strong>, &#8222;Atvinnuleysi eftir r&#237;kisfangi 2024,&#8220; <em><a href="https://island.is/s/vinnumalastofnun/maelabord-og-toelulegar-upplysingar">M&#230;labor&#240; um atvinnuleysi</a></em></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-11" href="#footnote-anchor-11" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">11</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Velfer&#240;arsvi&#240; Reykjav&#237;kurborgar</strong>, &#8222;Fj&#225;rhagsa&#240;sto&#240; eftir r&#237;kisfangi 2023,&#8220; <em><a href="https://velstat.reykjavik.is/PxWeb/pxweb/is/VELSTAT/VELSTAT__200.%20Arsskyrsla/">VELSTAT</a></em></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-12" href="#footnote-anchor-12" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">12</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Finansministeriet</strong>, <em>Indvandreres nettobidrag til de offentlige finanser i 2019: Revideret udgave</em>, &#216;konomisk Analyse, september 2023. K&#248;benhavn: Makropolitisk Center, Finansministeriet. ISBN: 978-87-94088-67-1.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-13" href="#footnote-anchor-13" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">13</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Jan H. van de Beek, Hans Roodenburg, Joop Hartog og Gerrit W. Kreffer</strong>, <em>Borderless Welfare State: The Consequences of Immigration for Public Finances</em>, &#254;&#253;&#240;. Maria Kamphuis og Jan H. van de Beek, 2. endursko&#240;u&#240; &#250;tg&#225;fa (Zeist: Demo-Demo, 2023)</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-14" href="#footnote-anchor-14" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">14</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Hagstofa &#205;slands</strong>, &#8222;F&#230;&#240;ingar 2024,&#8220; <em><a href="https://hagstofa.is/utgafur/frettasafn/mannfjoldi/faedingar-2024/">Fr&#233;ttasafn</a></em>, 17. j&#250;l&#237; 2024.</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Menning eða Fjölmenning]]></title><description><![CDATA[Einsleitni e&#240;a Misleitni]]></description><link>https://www.opinaugu.is/p/fjolmenning</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.opinaugu.is/p/fjolmenning</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Opin Augu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 26 May 2025 20:16:12 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9a1667b3-5ae1-4a73-ae4c-aae08ef52419_1024x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Reykjav&#237;kurborg skilgreinir fj&#246;lmenningu sem samf&#233;lag f&#243;lks af &#243;l&#237;kum uppruna sem b&#253;r saman &#237; s&#225;tt og samlyndi&#8212;samf&#233;lag &#254;ar sem v&#237;&#240;s&#253;ni, jafnr&#233;tti og gagnkv&#230;m vir&#240;ing einkennir samskipti f&#243;lks.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> &#222;etta hlj&#243;mar vel, jafnvel &#250;t&#243;p&#237;skt en ofbeldi &#237; grunnsk&#243;lum, n&#237;&#240;ingar &#237; leigub&#237;lum, moskur &#237; reykfylltum bakherbergjum og h&#243;pnau&#240;gunarm&#225;l segja a&#240;ra s&#246;gu.</p><p>Markmi&#240; l&#253;&#240;r&#230;&#240;is er ekki a&#240; skapa misleitt samf&#233;lag &#243;l&#237;kra menningarheima, heldur a&#240; gera f&#243;lki kleift a&#240; vinna saman &#225; skipulag&#240;an h&#225;tt a&#240; sameiginlegum markmi&#240;um. Vestr&#230;nt l&#253;&#240;r&#230;&#240;i byggist &#225; opnum samskiptum, trausti og sameiginlegum grunngildum. &#193; &#205;slandi &#237; dag tala menn ekki sama tungum&#225;l&#8212;og jafnvel &#254;egar &#237;slenska er t&#246;lu&#240; &#254;&#225; rekast &#225; &#243;l&#237;k vi&#240;horf sem koma &#237; veg fyrir e&#240;lilega samvinnu milli manna; gj&#246;r&#243;l&#237;k vi&#240;horf til fj&#246;lskyldunnar, kynhlutverka og si&#240;fer&#240;is.</p><p>Til a&#240; vinna sameiginlega a&#240; markmi&#240;um &#254;urfa menn a&#240; deila tungum&#225;li, grunngildum og sj&#225;lfsmynd. Lee Kuan Yew, sem stj&#243;rna&#240;i fj&#246;l&#254;j&#243;&#240;legu samf&#233;lagi &#237; Singap&#250;r, vi&#240;urkenndi a&#240; fj&#246;lmenning f&#230;li &#237; s&#233;r a&#240; l&#253;&#240;r&#230;&#240;i yr&#240;i a&#240; v&#237;kja fyrir einr&#230;&#240;i: </p><blockquote><p>&#8222;<em>&#205; misleitum samf&#233;l&#246;gum kj&#243;sa menn s&#233;r fulltr&#250;a eftir kyn&#254;&#230;tti og tr&#250;arbr&#246;g&#240;um, ekki eftir m&#225;lefnum.</em>&#8220;  &#8212; Lee Kuan Yew, fors&#230;tisr&#225;&#240;herra Singap&#250;r fr&#225; 1959 til 1990<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a></p></blockquote><p>&#222;v&#237; meiri fj&#246;lbreytni, &#254;eim mun veikari ver&#240;ur l&#253;&#240;r&#230;&#240;isleg samsta&#240;a. Samheldni gufar upp og eina lei&#240;in til a&#240; vi&#240;halda r&#246;&#240; og reglu er a&#240; beita bo&#240;um og b&#246;nnum. Auki&#240; eftirlit, h&#246;mlur &#225; tj&#225;ningarfrelsi og &#246;flug l&#246;gg&#230;sla ver&#240;a nau&#240;synleg t&#230;ki r&#237;kisins til a&#240; tryggja st&#246;&#240;uleika &#237; tv&#237;stru&#240;u samf&#233;lagi. &#222;v&#237; fj&#246;lbreyttara sem samf&#233;lagi&#240; er, &#254;eim mun n&#230;r f&#230;rist &#254;a&#240; einr&#230;&#240;i og fj&#230;r l&#253;&#240;r&#230;&#240;i*.</p><h6>*&#211;stj&#243;rn Ofr&#237;kis (<em>grein v&#230;ntanleg</em>)</h6><p></p><p><strong>Fj&#246;lbreytni grefur undan trausti<br></strong>Robert Putnam, pr&#243;fessor vi&#240; Harvard-h&#225;sk&#243;la og yfirl&#253;stur jafna&#240;arma&#240;ur, hefur um &#225;ratuga skei&#240; rannsaka&#240; f&#233;lagslegt traust. Putnam hefur vi&#240;urkennt a&#240; hann vona&#240;ist til &#254;ess a&#240; ranns&#243;knir hans myndu s&#253;na fram &#225; hvernig fj&#246;lmenning au&#240;ga&#240;i samf&#233;l&#246;g. Ni&#240;ursta&#240;an reyndist &#254;ver&#246;fug; traust milli manna fer dv&#237;nandi eftir &#254;v&#237; sem fj&#246;lbreytni eykst.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m4pF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb72651d8-b876-4979-afc7-096617d80455_2534x2000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!m4pF!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb72651d8-b876-4979-afc7-096617d80455_2534x2000.jpeg 424w, 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Ranns&#243;knir Putmans s&#253;na a&#240; sk&#253;ra fylgni milli fj&#246;lbreytni og l&#230;kkun f&#233;lagslegs trausts. Y &#225;s s&#253;nir traust og X &#225;s s&#253;nir einsleitni</figcaption></figure></div><p>&#205;b&#250;ar misleitra samf&#233;laga eiga f&#230;rri vini, taka sjaldnar &#254;&#225;tt &#237; sj&#225;lfbo&#240;astarfi, gefa minna til g&#243;&#240;ger&#240;arm&#225;la, hafa minni &#225;huga &#225; &#254;&#225;ttt&#246;ku &#237; stj&#243;rnm&#225;lum og segjast jafnframt vera &#243;hamingjusamari. &#205; fj&#246;lmenningarsamf&#233;l&#246;gum for&#240;ast menn einfaldlega samskipti vi&#240; a&#240;ra, einangra sig og &#8222;draga sig inn &#237; skel&#8220; eins og Putnam l&#253;sir &#237; b&#243;k sinni <em>Bowling Alone</em>.</p><p>Ranns&#243;knir finnska stj&#243;rnm&#225;lafr&#230;&#240;ingsins Tatu Vanhanen &#225; f&#233;lagslegu trausti &#237; 148 l&#246;ndum sta&#240;festa &#254;etta mynstur. Ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;ur Vanhanens benda enn fremur til &#254;ess a&#240; fj&#246;lbreytni&#8212;ekki f&#225;t&#230;kt e&#240;a skortur &#225; &#8222;&#250;rr&#230;&#240;um&#8220;&#8212;s&#233; meginors&#246;k &#225;taka innan samf&#233;laga. S&#250; misleitni sem fj&#246;lmenning skapar veikir samst&#246;&#240;u, r&#253;rir traust og dregur &#250;r vilja manna til a&#240; taka &#254;&#225;tt &#237; samf&#233;laginu. Misleitni br&#250;ar ekki bili&#240; milli h&#243;pa heldur &#254;vert &#225; m&#243;ti reisir m&#250;ra milli manna.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a></p><p></p><p><strong>Fj&#246;lmenning elur af s&#233;r ofbeldi<br></strong>R&#253;rnun f&#233;lagslegs trausts er &#254;&#243; ekki eina aflei&#240;ing fj&#246;lmenningar en aukin gl&#230;pat&#237;&#240;ni og h&#230;tta &#225; hry&#240;juverkum eru &#243;hj&#225;kv&#230;milegir fylgifiskar fj&#246;lmenningar. H&#233;rlendis eru &#250;tlendingar t&#237;falt l&#237;klegri en &#205;slendingar til a&#240; vera &#250;rskur&#240;a&#240;ir &#237; g&#230;sluvar&#240;hald<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a> og a&#240; minnsta kosti sex sinnum algengara a&#240; &#250;tlendingar s&#233;u gruna&#240;ir um kynfer&#240;isbrot en heimamenn.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a> &#205; n&#225;grannal&#246;ndunum er sta&#240;an svipu&#240; &#254;ar sem &#250;tlendingar eru &#225; bilinu 70&#8211;90% gerenda &#237; nau&#240;gunarm&#225;lum &#254;r&#225;tt fyrir a&#240; &#254;eir s&#233;u v&#237;&#240;ast innan vi&#240; 20% &#237;b&#250;a.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-9" href="#footnote-9" target="_self">9</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-10" href="#footnote-10" target="_self">10</a></p><div class="image-gallery-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;gallery&quot;:{&quot;images&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d1e448b2-ea05-4608-abca-84f4c051b815_2364x1330.jpeg&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/086423bb-3a37-419f-8bed-f85fb3726706_2364x1330.jpeg&quot;}],&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;staticGalleryImage&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9f499015-18da-4ac5-8302-2cce7ad45ab1_1456x720.png&quot;}},&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}"></div><p></p><p>&#205; Nor&#240;ur-Evr&#243;pu eru m&#250;slimar 80&#8211;150 sinnum l&#237;klegri til a&#240; fremja hry&#240;juverk en innf&#230;ddir<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-11" href="#footnote-11" target="_self">11</a>. &#205; Bretlandi eru 90% &#254;eirra sem eru lista l&#246;greglunnar yfir hry&#240;juverkamenn M&#250;slimar, &#254;r&#225;tt fyrir a&#240; m&#250;slimar s&#233;u a&#240;eins 6% mannfj&#246;ldans. <a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-12" href="#footnote-12" target="_self">12</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-13" href="#footnote-13" target="_self">13</a> Vissulega geta innf&#230;ddir einnig gerst sekir um vo&#240;averk en hry&#240;juverk eru sjaldg&#230;f &#237; einsleitum samf&#233;l&#246;gum&#8212;hvort sem um er a&#240; r&#230;&#240;a einstaklinga sem heita M&#250;hamme&#240; e&#240;a Breivik.</p><p>Misleitni eykur spennu og &#225;t&#246;k innan samf&#233;laga &#254;ar sem &#243;l&#237;kir h&#243;par keppa s&#237;n &#225; milli um v&#246;ld og &#225;hrif &#225; sv&#230;&#240;um &#254;ar sem &#225;&#240;ur r&#237;kti samheldni. Einsleit samf&#233;l&#246;g &#254;urfa hins vegar ekki a&#240; gl&#237;ma vi&#240; sl&#237;ka spennu, skautun og ja&#240;arsetningu &#243;l&#237;kra h&#243;pa&#8212;hvort sem &#254;eir tengjast n&#253;nasisma e&#240;a r&#237;ki &#205;slams.</p><p></p><p><strong>Inngilding gerir illt verra<br></strong>&#205; stefnuyfirl&#253;singu n&#250;verandi r&#237;kisstj&#243;rnar er tala&#240; um a&#240; m&#230;ta &#225;skorunum &#237; innflytjendam&#225;lum me&#240; &#8222;<em>inngildingu</em>&#8220;. Eftir &#237;tarlega leit &#225; vef Stj&#243;rnarr&#225;&#240;sins finnst hins vegar hvergi &#250;tsk&#253;ring &#225; &#254;v&#237; hva&#240; n&#225;kv&#230;mlega felst &#237; hugtakinu &#8222;inngilding&#8220;. H&#233;r ver&#240;ur &#254;v&#237; stu&#240;st vi&#240; skilgreiningu Evr&#243;pusambandsins. &#222;ar er inngildingu l&#253;st sem ferli sem tryggir &#246;llum j&#246;fn t&#230;kif&#230;ri og &#254;&#225;ttt&#246;ku &#237; samf&#233;laginu me&#240; <strong>fj&#225;rm&#246;gnu&#240;um &#250;rr&#230;&#240;um</strong> sem au&#240;veldar innflytjendum a&#240; a&#240;lagast.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-14" href="#footnote-14" target="_self">14</a></p><p>Inngildingartilraunir n&#225;grannalandanna hafa ekki sta&#240;i&#240; undir v&#230;ntingum. Til a&#240; mynda s&#253;na &#225;rlegar innflytjendask&#253;rslur d&#246;nsku hagstofunnar a&#240; &#246;nnur kynsl&#243;&#240; innflytjenda fr&#225; Mi&#240;-Austurl&#246;ndum&#8212;einmitt s&#225; h&#243;pur sem &#225;tti a&#240; vera d&#230;mi um vel heppna&#240;a inngildingu&#8212;fremur hlutfallslega flesta gl&#230;pi &#237; Danm&#246;rku. H&#233;r er um a&#240; r&#230;&#240;a einstaklinga sem tala d&#246;nsku, hafa gengi&#240; &#237; danska sk&#243;la og noti&#240; stu&#240;nings velfer&#240;arkerfisins til a&#240; a&#240;lagast d&#246;nsku samf&#233;lagi. &#222;r&#225;tt fyrir kostna&#240;ars&#246;m &#250;rr&#230;&#240;i samsamar &#246;nnur kynsl&#243;&#240; innflytjenda sig enn s&#237;&#240;ur d&#246;nsku samf&#233;lagi en s&#250; fyrsta og vir&#240;ist afdr&#225;ttarlaust hafna d&#246;nskum gildum.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-15" href="#footnote-15" target="_self">15</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5anm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe40db11e-cfec-49d9-b80b-3d3e86c5a12a_844x618.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5anm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe40db11e-cfec-49d9-b80b-3d3e86c5a12a_844x618.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5anm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe40db11e-cfec-49d9-b80b-3d3e86c5a12a_844x618.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5anm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe40db11e-cfec-49d9-b80b-3d3e86c5a12a_844x618.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5anm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe40db11e-cfec-49d9-b80b-3d3e86c5a12a_844x618.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5anm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe40db11e-cfec-49d9-b80b-3d3e86c5a12a_844x618.png" width="844" height="618" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5anm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe40db11e-cfec-49d9-b80b-3d3e86c5a12a_844x618.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5anm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe40db11e-cfec-49d9-b80b-3d3e86c5a12a_844x618.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5anm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe40db11e-cfec-49d9-b80b-3d3e86c5a12a_844x618.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5anm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe40db11e-cfec-49d9-b80b-3d3e86c5a12a_844x618.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#205; sta&#240; &#254;ess a&#240; au&#240;velda innflytjendum a&#240; a&#240;lagast vir&#240;ist &#8222;inngilding&#8220; auka gremju innflytjenda og ja&#240;arsetja &#254;&#225; enn frekar.</p><p></p><p><strong>Hva&#240; er menning?<br></strong>Ef vali&#240; stendur milli &#8222;menningar&#8220; og &#8222;fj&#246;lmenningar&#8220; &#254;arf fyrst a&#240; skilgreina hva&#240; menning er en menning ver&#240;ur ekki til &#250;r engu. Menning endurspeglar einfaldlega mennina sem m&#243;ta hana og menn eru&#8212;&#254;egar allt kemur til alls&#8212;afsprengi erf&#240;a sinna. &#205;slensk menning er &#254;ar af lei&#240;andi afur&#240; f&#243;lks sem byggt &#205;sland s&#237;&#240;an 870.</p><p>Uppg&#246;tvanir undanfarinna &#225;ratuga &#225; svi&#240;i erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;i sta&#240;festa a&#240; ma&#240;urinn er afur&#240; fl&#243;kins samspils erf&#240;a og umhverfis. Erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegur skyldleiki &#250;tsk&#253;rir me&#240;al annars hvers vegna menn kj&#243;sa helst a&#240; umgangast &#254;&#225; sem l&#237;kjast &#254;eim sj&#225;lfum. F&#225;tt bindur menn sterkari b&#246;ndum en sameiginlegur uppruni. Foreldrar elska b&#246;rn s&#237;n umfram &#246;nnur, systkini standa hvort me&#240; &#246;&#240;ru, fr&#230;ndur og fr&#230;nkur mynda fj&#246;lskyldur og n&#225;grannar af sama &#254;j&#243;&#240;erni treysta hver &#246;&#240;rum.</p><p>Gott d&#230;mi um mikilv&#230;gi erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilegar einsleitni fyrir f&#233;lagslegan st&#246;&#240;ugleika eru ranns&#243;knir &#205;slenskrar erf&#240;agreiningar sem s&#253;na a&#240; fars&#230;lustu hj&#243;nab&#246;ndin me&#240; h&#230;stu f&#230;&#240;ingart&#237;&#240;nina er &#225; me&#240;al einstaklinga sem eru skyldir &#237; &#254;ri&#240;ja e&#240;a fj&#243;r&#240;a &#230;ttli&#240;.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-16" href="#footnote-16" target="_self">16</a><br>&#205;sland hefur einnig veri&#240; &#237; efstu s&#230;tunum yfir hamingjus&#246;mustu &#254;j&#243;&#240;f&#233;l&#246;g heims. Nor&#240;menn, Danir, Finnar og Svisslendingar hafa s&#246;mulei&#240;is skipa&#240; efstu s&#230;ti lista Sameinu&#240;u &#254;j&#243;&#240;anna yfir hamingjus&#246;mustu &#254;j&#243;&#240;ir heims.</p><p>Hva&#240; eiga &#254;essi &#254;j&#243;&#240;f&#233;l&#246;g sameiginlegt?<br>Svari&#240; er a&#240;, fram yfir aldam&#243;t voru &#254;etta einsleitustu samf&#233;l&#246;g &#237; heimi. N&#253;legar ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;ur fr&#225; Emb&#230;tti landl&#230;knis s&#253;na hins vegar a&#240; n&#253;jar kynsl&#243;&#240;ir &#205;slendinga ver&#240;a s&#237;fellt &#243;hamingjusamari &#225; sama t&#237;ma og samf&#233;lagi&#240; leitar &#237; &#225;tt til misleitni<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-17" href="#footnote-17" target="_self">17</a> &#8212;sem helst &#237; hendur vi&#240; ni&#240;urst&#246;&#240;ur ranns&#243;knar Putnams &#225; &#225;hrifum fj&#246;lmenningar &#225; l&#253;&#240;heilsu.</p><p></p><p><strong>Inngilding fyrir &#218;tlendinga <br>&#218;tr&#253;ming fyrir &#205;slendinga<br></strong>&#222;a&#240; segir sig sj&#225;lft a&#240; &#254;v&#237; meiri fj&#246;lmenning &#225; &#205;slandi = &#254;v&#237; minni &#237;slensk menning, en g&#246;gn fr&#225; Hagstofu &#205;slands sta&#240;festa a&#240; ef &#254;r&#243;un innfluttra umfram a&#240;fluttra heldur &#225;fram munu &#205;slendingar ver&#240;a <strong>minnihluti </strong>&#237; eigin landi innan 50 &#225;ra.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-18" href="#footnote-18" target="_self">18</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-19" href="#footnote-19" target="_self">19</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-20" href="#footnote-20" target="_self">20</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wae4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F65124a0e-e10a-4d7a-b60d-3d2f332ae49e_1142x989.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><blockquote><p>&#8222;<em>&#193;ri&#240; 2100; &#237; sta&#240;in fyrir a&#240; &#254;a&#240; ver&#240;i fimmtungur &#237;b&#250;a sem eru ekki afkomendur Ing&#243;lfs og f&#233;laga &#254;&#225; yr&#240;i &#254;a&#240; hlutfall <strong>70%</strong> sem &#254;&#253;&#240;ir a&#240; &#254;a&#240; er veri&#240; a&#240;<strong> skipta &#250;t &#254;j&#243;&#240; &#237; landinu</strong>.</em>&#8220; &#8212; Gylfi Magn&#250;sson, pr&#243;fessor &#237; vi&#240;skiptafr&#230;&#240;i, Erindi um Innflytjendur og fl&#243;ttaf&#243;lk, H&#205; 2024</p></blockquote><p>Fj&#246;lmenning sn&#253;st &#254;v&#237; ekki um s&#225;tt og samlyndi, heldur um <strong>umskipti </strong>og ey&#240;ingu. Fj&#246;lmenning felur einfaldlega &#237; s&#233;r ey&#240;ingu &#205;slendinga&#8212;l&#253;&#240;fr&#230;&#240;ilega, menningarlega og raunverulega. Markmi&#240; &#8222;fj&#246;lbreytni&#8220; er a&#240; f&#230;kka innf&#230;ddum, &#254;annig a&#240; &#205;slendingar ver&#240;i sm&#225;m saman minnihluti &#237; eigin landi.<br><br>Enginn krefst &#254;ess a&#240; einsleit samf&#233;l&#246;g &#225; bor&#240; vi&#240; S&#225;di-Arab&#237;u, Japan e&#240;a N&#237;ger&#237;u ver&#240;i &#8222;fj&#246;lbreyttari&#8220; en &#254;egar hv&#237;tu f&#243;lki f&#230;kkar &#237; s&#237;num heimal&#246;ndum&#8212;eins og &#254;egar &#205;slendingum f&#230;kkar og &#250;tlendingum fj&#246;lgar &#225; &#205;slandi&#8212;&#254;&#225; er &#254;v&#237; fagna&#240; sem framf&#246;rum.<br>Hvers vegna eiga a&#240;eins hv&#237;tar &#254;j&#243;&#240;ir&#8212;eins og &#205;slendingar&#8212;a&#240; fagna &#254;v&#237; &#254;egar &#254;&#230;r eru hraktar &#250;r eigin landi og &#254;eim skipt &#250;t fyrir &#250;tlendinga?</p><p></p><p><strong>Lokaor&#240;<br></strong>Fj&#246;lmenning er ekki styrkur. Fj&#246;lmenning er uppspretta sundrungar, &#225;taka og hnignunar. Sk&#243;li sem klofnar vegna kyn&#254;&#225;tta &#225;taka getur ekki sinnt hlutverki s&#237;nu. Borg sem er undirl&#246;g&#240; af gl&#230;pagengjum mun ekki dafna og &#254;j&#243;&#240; sem sundrast &#237; erf&#240;afr&#230;&#240;ilega &#243;skylda h&#243;pa er ekki lengur &#254;j&#243;&#240;.</p><p>Fj&#246;lmenning er ekki falleg hugsj&#243;n. H&#250;n er uppskrift a&#240; &#254;j&#243;&#240;armor&#240;i, &#254;ar sem einni &#254;j&#243;&#240; er sm&#225;m saman skipt &#250;t fyrir a&#240;rar &#237; nafni framfara &#254;ar sem &#237;slenskri tungu, &#246;ryggi og sj&#225;lfsmynd er f&#243;rna&#240; &#225; altari fj&#246;lbreytileikans.</p><p>Vi&#240; erum a&#240; glata &#230;ttj&#246;r&#240; okkar. Spurningin er ekki hvort vi&#240; getum lifa&#240; af fj&#246;lmenningu, heldur hvort vi&#240; s&#233;um rei&#240;ub&#250;in a&#240; st&#246;&#240;va hana&#8212;&#225;&#240;ur en vi&#240; hverfum a&#240; eil&#237;fu.</p><p>&#222;j&#243;&#240;f&#233;lag sem byggir &#225; sameiginlegum uppruna, sameiginlegri menningu og sameiginlegri framt&#237;&#240; er ekki a&#240;eins m&#246;guleiki&#8212;&#254;a&#240; er &#254;j&#243;&#240;ar&#254;&#246;rf.</p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.opinaugu.is/subscribe&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Gerast &#225;skrifandi&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.opinaugu.is/subscribe"><span>Gerast &#225;skrifandi</span></a></p><p></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Reykjav&#237;kurborg</strong>, &#8222;Fj&#246;lmenningarborgir &#8211; Um raunverulegt jafnr&#233;tti, fj&#246;lbreytileika og virka &#254;&#225;ttt&#246;ku,&#8220; <em>reykjavik.is</em>, s&#243;tt 24. ma&#237; 2025, af: <a href="https://reykjavik.is/fjolmenningarborgir">https://reykjavik.is/fjolmenningarborgir</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Lee Kuan Yew</strong>, um stj&#243;rnarfar &#237; fj&#246;l&#254;j&#243;&#240;legum r&#237;kjum, <em><a href="https://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/spiegel-interview-with-singapore-s-lee-kuan-yew-it-s-stupid-to-be-afraid-a-369128.html">Der Spiegel</a></em>, 8. &#225;g&#250;st 2005</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Robert D. Putnam</strong>, <em>Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community</em> (New York: Simon &amp; Schuster, 2000).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Tatu Vanhanen</strong>, &#8220;Domestic Ethnic Conflict and Ethnic Nepotism: A Comparative Analysis,&#8221; <em>Journal of Peace Research</em> 36, no. 1 (1999): 55&#8211;73. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/451104">jstor.org</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Fangelsism&#225;lastofnun</strong>, &#8222;75% g&#230;sluvar&#240;haldsfanga voru &#250;tlendingar,&#8220; <em><a href="https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2024/01/08/75_prosent_gaesluvardhaldsfanga_voru_utlendingar/">Morgunbla&#240;i&#240;</a></em><a href="https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2024/01/08/75_prosent_gaesluvardhaldsfanga_voru_utlendingar/">, 8. jan&#250;ar 2024</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>D&#243;msm&#225;lar&#225;&#240;uneyti&#240;</strong>, &#8222;N&#230;r tv&#246;falt fleiri &#250;tlendingar gruna&#240;ir um kynfer&#240;isbrot,&#8220; <em><a href="https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2024/07/05/naer_tvofalt_fleiri_utlendingar_grunadir_um_kynferd/">Morgunbla&#240;i&#240;</a></em><a href="https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2024/07/05/naer_tvofalt_fleiri_utlendingar_grunadir_um_kynferd/">, 5. j&#250;l&#237; 2024</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>R&#237;kisl&#246;greglustj&#243;ri</strong>, &#8222;&#218;tlendingar gruna&#240;ir &#237; helmingi h&#243;pnau&#240;gana,&#8220; <em><a href="https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2025/04/25/utlendingar_grunadir_i_helmingi_hopnaudgana/">Morgunbla&#240;i&#240;</a></em><a href="https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2025/04/25/utlendingar_grunadir_i_helmingi_hopnaudgana/">, 25. apr&#237;l 2025</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Expressen</strong>, &#8222;Utlandsf&#246;dda en majoritet bland d&#246;mda i v&#229;ldt&#228;ktsfall,&#8220; <em><a href="https://www.expressen.se/gt/utlandsfodda-en-majoritet-bland-domda-i-valdtaktsfall/">Expressen</a></em></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-9" href="#footnote-anchor-9" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">9</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Brottsf&#246;rebyggande r&#229;det (Br&#229;)</strong>, &#8222;Sexualbrott,&#8220; <em><a href="https://bra.se/amnen/sexualbrott#:~:text=Mellan%202022%20och%202023%20minskade,59%20brott">Br&#229;.se</a></em>, May 24, 2025</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-10" href="#footnote-anchor-10" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">10</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Bundeskriminalamt (BKA)</strong>, &#8222;PKS 2022 Bund &#8211; Tatverd&#228;chtige deutsch/nichtdeutsch/nach Nationalit&#228;ten/nach Anlass des Aufenthaltes,&#8220; <em><a href="https://www.bka.de/DE/AktuelleInformationen/StatistikenLagebilder/PolizeilicheKriminalstatistik/PKS2022/PKSTabellen/BundTVNationalitaet/bundTVNationalitaet.html">Polizeiliche Kriminalstatistik</a></em>, Table T62, May 24, 2025</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-11" href="#footnote-anchor-11" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">11</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Harry Cooper</strong>, &#8220;15,000 on French Terror Watchlist: Report,&#8221; <em><a href="https://www.politico.eu/article/15000-on-french-terror-watchlist-report-radical-islamist/">Politico</a></em>, October 10, 2016</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-12" href="#footnote-anchor-12" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">12</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Mark Nicol and Ian Drury</strong>, &#8220;MI5's Terror Watchlist Doubles to 43,000 in Just One Year,&#8221; <em><a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8450211/MI5s-terror-watchlist-doubles-43-000-just-one-year.html">Daily Mail</a></em>, June 20, 2020</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-13" href="#footnote-anchor-13" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">13</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>UK Home Office</strong>, <em><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/650b1b8d52e73c000d54dc82/CONTEST_2023_English_updated.pdf">CONTEST</a>: The United Kingdom&#8217;s Strategy for Countering Terrorism</em>, July 2023</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-14" href="#footnote-anchor-14" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">14</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Emanuela Pisan&#242;</strong>, &#8220;AER EU Funding Digest Series #3: Social Inclusion,&#8221; <em>Assembly of European Regions</em>, October 16, 2024</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-15" href="#footnote-anchor-15" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">15</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Danska Hagstofan</strong>, &#8222;Innflytjendur fr&#225; MENAPT mun l&#237;klegri til a&#240; fremja gl&#230;pi,&#8220; <em><a href="https://vb.is/skodun/innflytjendur-fra-menapt-mun-liklegri-til-ad-fremja-glaepi/">Vi&#240;skiptabla&#240;i&#240;</a></em>, 28. febr&#250;ar 2024</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-16" href="#footnote-anchor-16" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">16</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Agnar Helgason</strong>, <strong>Sn&#230;bj&#246;rn P&#225;lsson</strong>, <strong>Dan&#237;el F. Gu&#240;bjartsson</strong>, <strong>&#222;&#243;r&#240;ur Kristj&#225;nsson</strong>, and <strong>K&#225;ri Stef&#225;nsson</strong>, &#8220;An Association Between the Kinship and Fertility of Human Couples,&#8221; <em>Science</em> 319, no. 5864 (2008): 813&#8211;816</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-17" href="#footnote-anchor-17" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">17</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Emb&#230;tti landl&#230;knis</strong>, &#8222;L&#237;&#240;an fullor&#240;inna &#225;ri&#240; 2023,&#8220; <em>Talnabrunnur: Fr&#233;ttabr&#233;f landl&#230;knis um heilbrig&#240;isuppl&#253;singar</em>, 18. &#225;rg., 4. tbl. (2024): 1&#8211;3</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-18" href="#footnote-anchor-18" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">18</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Gylfi Magn&#250;sson</strong>, &#8222;L&#253;&#240;fr&#230;&#240;i &#205;slands &#225;n innflytjenda,&#8220; fyrirlestur fluttur &#225; r&#225;&#240;stefnu &#222;j&#243;&#240;arspegilsins, H&#225;sk&#243;li &#205;slands, Reykjav&#237;k, n&#243;vember 2024</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-19" href="#footnote-anchor-19" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">19</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Fj&#225;rm&#225;la- og efnahagsr&#225;&#240;uneyti&#240;</strong>, <em>Langt&#237;mahorfur &#237; efnahagsm&#225;lum og opinberum fj&#225;rm&#225;lum</em>, mars 2025. <a href="https://www.stjornarradid.is/library/02-Rit--skyrslur-og-skrar/Mars%202025%20sk%C3%BDrsla%20um%20langt%C3%ADmahorfur%20%C3%AD%20efnahagsrm%C3%A1lum%20til%20birtingar%20%C3%A1%20vef.pdf">stjornaradid.is</a></p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-20" href="#footnote-anchor-20" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">20</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Hagstofa &#205;slands</strong>, <em>Mannfj&#246;ldasp&#225; 2020&#8211;2069</em>, Hagt&#237;&#240;indi: Mannfj&#246;ldi, 105. &#225;rg., 19. tbl., 17. desember 2020</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>